“BC” and “New Era of the Earth”: what is it? Eras in the history of the Earth in chronological order: table, graph, characteristic

In this article we will study the era of our land.

The concept of "era" has a double meaning: a religious one, which has long become universal and has acquired a chronological, and in some way, historical meaning; and geological, characterizing the periods of development of life on the planet. The era of the Earth is a division into large temporary segments between the remarkable events taking place in the history of our planet.

The interpretation of this word is also different. In one case, it is believed that it comes from the Latin phrase “separate number”, in another - from a combination of the first letters of the phrase “The Beginning of the Augustus”. Be that as it may, the concept of “era” is a countdown of time from any important event in the development of our land and until its end.

What does the expression “before our era” and “new era of the earth” mean: the answer of the chronology

Probably, how much humanity exists on Earth, so much it made various attempts of chronology for the convenience of its orientation in space. But among different peoples of antiquity it was different. And there is still no single calendar and unified chronology, adopted by absolutely all the peoples of the world.

But in most countries that adopted Christianity in antiquity, there is a division into two parts - Before the Nativity of Christ and after. This is what is determined by concepts - “BC” and “our era of the Earth” or “New Era”. Over time, this chronology has begun to prevail over all others on Earth and now practically no one has a question, what these definitions mean.

Important: the transition from one period to another eliminates the conversion or use of the zero year. Another name is the pre -Christian and Christian era of the Earth.

The appearance of the concept of "our era of the Earth"

• The beginning of the VI century was considered the heyday of the "Diocletian era" in the Roman Empire living on the chronology once established Emperor Diocletian. He was a pagan who pursued Christians and became famous as the founder of the "great persecution." It began in 303 and lasted for ten years already under its heirs.
• After more than two hundred years, Pope John I entrusted The monk Dionysius is small Conduct calendar calculations and set Easter dates. He considered it unacceptable to calculate these sacred dates for the time of the pagan persecutor of Christians and believed that it was time to abandon the existing chronology. In the process of this work, Dionysius, studying the text of the New Testament, came to the conclusion that Christ was born 525 years ago - It was this date that he was taken as a reference point.
• However, modern researchers believe that Dionysius Maly made a mistake in their calculations, which is why there are discrepancies in several years today. For example, in the specified dates of birth and death of individuals or passing historical events and the Scriptures of the New Testament. But the story makes a discount and we continue to use this chronology.
• Later, in 731 of our era, monk and chronicler The trouble is venerable He supplemented this concept, in his writings about the chronology and age of the world, he introduced the reference point - “BC”. It was this scale that made the system of chronology popular in many European countries. It came to Russia only in 1699, during the reign Peter I.
• Soon this concept from religious has turned into universal, and is currently used in most countries of the world, as the concept of “our era” in a broader aspect.

The era of the Earth in chronological order: how many of them existed in the history of its development - a table, a schedule

In a separate cell, historians sometimes distinguish the concept historical era. For example, the era of the earth Nabonassar (the ancient nobed ruler who reigned in the VIII century BC) or Republican era, arising in France after the victory of the great French bourgeois revolution. They did not exist for long, but throughout the specific historical period - from 1793 to 1805 (Republican era). And the same The era of the Roman emperor Diocletian It can be considered as a separate period of 284 - 305 BC, without reference to the religious aspect.

Important: there are geological eras of the Earth - there are only five of them!

But the first word should be given to the Presimbrian period, dokambriya or cryptozo

The translation of this name sounds like "hidden life." This period is also called lifeless. It covers 88% of the total existence of our plans and has approximately 4 billion years! The planetary sphere itself was formed 4.6 billion years ago.

The first anon is Katanya!

It lasted 600 million years, Starting from the starting point of the origin of the planetary sphere. It does not have an er or periods, but it carries the most important historical trace - this is exactly what it all began! Yes, our planet was formed from a dusty cloud without a core and all today's spheres. The temperature was cold in the type of lunar cosmic body, with the same superficial sedimentary soil ( regolith). Frequent earthquakes were supposed, 2 times shorter and the absence of a satellite. But this stage between them only established a connection.

Archaei and Proterosa - These are also industries from dokembriy! These are two large and independent eons and the same first eras of the Earth. Therefore, unicellular and even multicellular bacteria or algae already existed at the lifeless stage, in its second half.

Fanerosis - This is a plywood Eon already 3 obvious and living er. It began about 542 million years ago. But scientists have found that complex life forms still arose a little earlier - at the junction with the previous era. The impetus served "Cambridge explosion", What gave us a large stock of all necessary fossils. Eon himself is characterized 5 largest extinctions!

ERA ERA and their natural conditions: Archaean era

It is customary to judge the development of life on Earth by geological excavations, and the stages of this development are divided into geological eras of the Earth.

• Archean era – The oldest in the history of the Earth. In it, rudiments of life in the form of anaerobic bacteria occurred, leaving only insignificant traces for researchers of our days. Covers the segment from 4 to 2.5 billion years. At this stage, the basis of the earth's crust was created, which in those days was like a basalt (ocean) structure. The hydrosphere and the atmosphere have begun to be created, however, without oxygen. By the way, then the temperature on our planet was up to 100 ° C! Stocks are supposed in the form of iron, nickel, sulfur and graphite.

The era of the Earth - prophy and its characteristic

All eras of the Earth are divided into periods that characterize them in general. After all, one word cannot be characterized by a millionth century!

• Proterozoic era - Ancient era, which stands out for the longest term! She covered a temporary segment from 2500 to 541 million years ago! Of course, there were many variable events during this stage - for example, there was Oxygen coup. The planet began to receive sunlight, but not yet its warmth. The world ocean arose and the cores of the lithosphere - granite dome were formed. They were originally in the form of ovals with a diameter of 100 km. The era is also characterized by the appearance first invertebrates, pre -core Prokaryots, mushrooms and sponges, as well as unicellular algae. It is believed that at this stage there were reserves of iron, copper and tin ore, as well as gold-uranium-pyrite conglomerates.

Important: up to 2.4 billion years ago in the atmospheric cloud there was no oxygen - it was a severe mixture of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. At this geological stage, oxygen occupied its share in the air of the Earth.

• It is also worth noting that in this era, in the Rifyan (Riasian) period, nuclei begin to appear in the unicellular inhabitants of the planet. But the next one - the orosyry is responsible for the oxygen enrichment of the Earth. Also at this stage, a copper-nickel was formed and the largest Crater of harm, As a result of the fall of the asteroid.
• The Kalimian period is responsible for expanding our continents. The Street period is already distinguished by forms of life, which began to multiply sexually. Supercontinents were created and disintegrated into this era, forming our land. The last period - Ediacaria already had multicellular soft life forms (vendobiones).

ERA ERA and the most outstanding events in their development: Paleozoic era

All the eras of the Earth had some stages of development of our planet, but it is mass activity that falls on Paleozo!

Palaeozoic– Ancient era, which lasted about 370 million years. It is divided into six periods - Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Perm. It is also characterized by the appearance of primitive forms of animal and plant life, which, thanks to the appearance of significant sections of land, acquired other forms: from the appearance of marine invertebrates and algae to reptiles and fern -like ones.

• In the Cambrian period There was a heyday of multicellular algae, mollusks, sea arthropods (trilobites) and the first chord. It was in water that life began to arise. This led to an oxygen jump in the atmosphere.

• Ordovica He also had a life in the ocean, but, presumably, some arthropods went to land to lay off the caviar. There is an active growth of algae and bacteria. It is with this period that the emergence of gold and some other metals is associated.

• In the Silurian period A ridge, bone tissue is already being formed. The first founders of the Earth were simple rootless plants - Psilophytes.The climate of the Earth also changes - it already differs in latitudes. There is a creation of stocks of salt, gypsum, as well as ores and metals.

• Devonian In the response for the formation of forests (in particular from fern) and the appearance of insects. It is assumed that it was at this stage that the lungs began to form in terrestrial animals. Spiders, ticks began to appear. Predators are actively attacking - Rakurpions (Some representatives reached 2 m). They began to go into fresh waters, which, perhaps, caused the death of many Trilobites (sea arthropod). Also Devonian extinction at the end of the period, many species were cut.
  • There were two waves - 374 and 359 million years ago. Completely vile species disappeared, another 50% of childbirth and 19% of all families were cut. There are many versions of extinction - cooling, oceanic changes or comet. But scientists note that there was a shortage of oxygen, from which decay was blocked. Therefore, the accumulation of matter began. But this was precisely the impetus for creating large oil reserves!

• The coal stagehe lowers the continents for a new life - amphibians. The second name is carbon. The development of cartilaginous fish, reptiles, conifers of plants is actively underway. There is an active settlement of land, and the main fuel is also formed - coal!

• Perm period - This is another stage of testing, but already with heat and drought. In the desert, pine and fern rocks survived, mammals began to populate the earth, and appeared Beetles and meshcright. All this era is characterized by a large expansion of minerals, there was a separation of the seas and lagoon. Mass extinction it happened about 251 million years ago. There is volcanic activity, oxygen deficiency and excessive climate dryness, asteroid, methane emission.

Era of the Earth - Mesozoic

If we take all the era of the Earth for comparison, then it is at this stage that there are cardinal coups in many aspects.

Mesozoic era - The era of medium life, covering three periods: trias, Jurassic and chalking with a total duration of 186 million years. Covers a temporary segment from 252 to 66 million years. It is characterized by the appearance of the first mammals dominated by land, fish, coniferous and deciduous plants.

• Triassic (252-201 million)-the basics of the main oceans are laid due to the split of the pangua supercontinent, as well as desert landscapes. Reptiles, vertebrates, water predators and insects are actively developing - now there are already webding, biclane, straight -winged, dragonflies. Among the plants, fern, coniferous, horsetail, as well as plain and cordaitic plants occupy the main role.

• Jurassic period (201-145 million)-is characterized by an increase in temperature, an increase in precipitation and leaching of mineral reserves. Black shales began to form. The period is distinguished by a variety of forests, the main share of which was diverted Sagovs (somewhat similar to a large fern palm). Presumably - dinosaurs walked under their shadow. Rifting foundations are laid, gills appear. Dinosaurs, What arose at the end of the previous period, captured a leading role.
  • It is Yura (yes, it sounds in abbreviated as that) stands out by a certain social growth between animals - predators and dominant groups appear. For example, linic dinosaurs attacked Zauropod,namely - Teropods. A bright similar film adaptation in the film "Park of the Jurassic period."

• Cretaceous period (145-66 million)-there is a split 2 of the main continents (laurelia and Gondwan) and the expansion of the Atlantic Ocean. The decline in temperature and volcanoes of the Indian Ocean led to an abstraffic (oxygen) disaster. At the stage of 91-92 million years ago, Senomano-Turon border biotic event, which led to the complete disappearance of the genus of ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs. On land, reptiles reigned, and Pterodactyls soared in the air. At the end of the period, snakes appeared.
  • Also, at the end of this period, the most loud event happened - Mel-paleogene extraction (about 66 million). Together with dinosaurs, 47% of the naval births of animals, 18% of land families, some mammals and plants died. But snakes, ancestors of crocodiles, turtles, birds and lizards were able to survive. Some types of ground plants, corals have been preserved. The cause of the cosmic body is considered the cause, which formed the oldest crater of the chixulub.

Era of the Earth and Cenozoic Revolution

The geological history and era of the Earth end in a cenozoic or "new life."

Cenozoic era - The current era of a new life lasting 67 million years. It is divided into three periods:

• paleogen(66-23 million)-characterized by a violent heyday of mammals, the appearance of tailed lemurs and insects, as well as flowering plants. It is worth highlighting new niches of marsupial, egg -and -armed animals, whaling, as well as karakatits, octopus and squid;
• neogene (23-2.58 million)-there is again a change of animal plant world, a new wave of extinction is underway. But still, many classes of predatory, unpaired, proboscis animals are also preserved. The period is also distinguished by a new development of the variety of mammals and birds;
• anthropogen (2.58 million to the present day) - the period of the appearance of man and modern vegetation. It is also called a quarter period. The first eras were characterized by a frequent change in temperature difference. During this period, mammoths, cave deer and bears, as well as Neanderthals, who could not stand the competition of Cro -Magnons, die. The second half of the period is characterized by warming and extinction of large animal species.

As you can see, the eras of the Earth and its chronological biography are extremely interesting information, which is certainly worth and useful to know!

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