Anatomy - extrapyramidal motor system of the brain: structure and functions

Pyramid and extrapyramidal motor systems of the brain: physiology, anatomy

Extrapyramidaland pyramidal motor systems The brain have, according to physiology, many other names - subcortical system, striped motor system (lat. System Extrapyramidale).

• Actions such as a set of text on a computer keyboard or reaching a glass of water are not very complex and it seems that their implementation does not require the involvement of various elements of the nervous system.
• But this is a wrong statement: in fact, even the slightest movement that we are taking - before its implementation - occurs with the interaction of many centers located in the central nervous system.
• Structures belonging to the peripheral nervous system and important organs of the body also work.
• Even any muscle cells according to anatomy will not function without the normal functioning of the extrapyramidal brain system.

Every day we make completely different movements, and some of them require our concentration, while we perform others in a certain way automatically. The extrapyramidal system is responsible for coordinating the course of human movements.

The extrapyramidal nervous system of the midbrain - structure, structures, centers, nuclei: what is included?

As mentioned above, the extrapyramidal nervous system of the midbrain is also called the subcortical or striped system of the musculoskeletal system. The structures belonging to it are located in the hemispheres of the brain. Here is the structure of this system:

What is included? Structures, centers, nuclei:

• Striatum (consisting of a caudal nucleus and bark).
• The pale ledge of the thalamus, that is, the ventral front, middle core and ventral lateral red core.
• Black substance.
• The lower talamic core of the cerebral cortex (the premotor crust of the frontal lobe corresponding to the fields of the Broadman 6 and 8).

All of the above parts of the extrapyramidal system have numerous connections with each other, so these structures can correctly perform their functions. The subcortical system works thanks to numerous neural loops. Examples of compounds that are part of the extrapyramidal system are the connections between the nuclei of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, the path between the black substance and the striped body, as well as the connection between the pale ball and the cores of the thalamus.

Connections of the extrapyramidal, pyramidal system: functions, regulation, role of departments

Both of the above parts of the nervous system - pyramidal and extrapyramidal, are necessary for smooth and accurate execution of the movements that we plan to make. These structures have different functions:

• The pyramidal system is responsible for managing the movements that require attention from us. When we first perform any action, for example, we ride a bicycle and only learn to pedal, the pyramidal system is responsible for controlling the move of movements, while the subcortical system in this case does not play a special role.
• Another thing is when we drive a hundred kilometers on a bicycle. In this case, we do not think about the regulation of movements, and what exactly needs to be done with our feet in order to move on this vehicle. We have such an opportunity thanks to the extrapyramidal system.

Thinking about the above, there is no need to convince you that the function and role of the departments of the extrapyramidal system is extremely important. After all, it is thanks to this that we can drive a car and focus on signs on the road, and not think about how to switch the program. We also do not think about how to take a pen in the hand and write using the right letters. All this is done automatically and is regulated by the extrapyramidal system.

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Violations, disorders, diseases of the extrapyramidal system: symptoms, with damage to what occurs?

With damage to the extrapyramidal system, the patient begins to perform various involuntary movements. It feels like you cannot control your body. More often violations of this area of \u200b\u200bthe brain is hereditary. These include such diseases:

• The classification occurs according to the following signs:

Here are the symptoms of disorders of the extrapyramidal system:

• Movements, as with chorea - fast, voluminous, independent movements, for example, limbs
• Twisting movements
• Attical movements are slow, leading to an unusual position of the patient, for example, his fingers move randomly or twisted
• Sudden movements, which are usually associated with limbs and are compared with throwing some limbs in front of others
• Myoclonus - quick, sudden muscle shocks
• Tremor - the movements of a small amplitude, i.e. Small fluctuations
• Tiki - involuntary short movements, which can be, for example, blinking of the eyelids

In general, the movement of our limbs and the whole body, a person performs automatically. We don't even think about it. If the extrapyramidal system fails, movements become twisting, tremor or sudden - not the same as usual.

There are a large number of problems that can lead to damage to the structures of subcortex and the occurrence of the aforementioned involuntary movements. Parkinson's disease is the most famous pathology of the extrapyramidal system. Violation of the function of the subcortical structures is also clearly visible in the disease of hydrofoil, hepatolenticular degeneration and various kinds of dyskinesia.

Video: General neurology. Lecture 3 "Motor Violations" (extrapyramidal system)

Video: General neurology. Lecture 2 "Motor Violations" (Pyramidal System)

Video: Conducting ways. Pyramid system (corticospinal and corticonuclear paths)

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