The anatomical structure of the human gastrointestinal tract: diagram, functions, gastrointestinal tract, description

This article describes the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract. Read about the functions, description of the departments and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Content

Gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) It consists of a hollow tube starting from the oral cavity, where food comes. It passes through the throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines and enters the rectum and rear passage, from where the feces are displaced.

There are various auxiliary organs that help the tract. The glands are distinguished by enzymes that break down food into monomeric compounds and nutrients. Thus, the salivary and pancreas, the gall bladder, the liver perform important functions in the digestive system. Food moves along the gastrointestinal tract due to the peristalsis movements of the muscle walls.

Scheme of the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract of a person: gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract is a complex department of our body. It is very important for life. It consists of many organs and other departments. Here is the structure of the gastrointestinal tract with the gastrointestinal tract:

ORAL CAVITY:

It begins with a gap, with which food penetrates the body. The oral cavity is represented by: threshold - lips, cheeks, external mucous membranes of teeth and gums, and the actual oral cavity is hard and soft, teeth and diaphragm.
Language - The muscle that takes part in the movement of lumps of food and the formation of speech. The teeth are designed for chewing food. There are an adult 28 - 8 incisors, 4 fangs, 8 premolars and 8 molar. Some people grow from 1-4 additional molars. They are called "teeth of wisdom."
The ducts of the glands open into the oral cavity: parotid, submandibular, subsidiary.

PHARYNX:

It is a muscle canal connecting the oral and nasal cavities with a larynx and esophagus. Its length about 10-12 cm. It begins at the base of the skull and reaches the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. It has an extension from above, narrowing from below.
The sip is divided into three areas: nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx.
The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx, located between the soft sky and the upper contribution - cartilage, which covers the passage of air into the lungs and directs food into the esophagus.

Contains:

Rear 1/3 of the tongue
Lingual tonsils
Negdar tonsils
The muscles of the narrowing
Pirogov ring

The oropharynx is involved in the arbitrary and involuntary phases of swallowing.

ESOPHAGUS:

A straight muscle tube along which food moves from a pharynx to the stomach.
Its length about 25-30 cm.
Anatomically lies behind the trachea and heart, and in front of the spine.
Both ends of the esophagus have muscle sphincters. At the upper end is the upper esophageal sphincter, on the lower - the lower esophageal sphincter.
The tube begins at the level 6th cervical vertebra. It is continuously connected with the laryngeal part of the pharynx. It falls into the upper mediastinum, then goes into the abdominal cavity through the diaphragm (level of the 10th thoracic vertebra).
The abdominal part ends with the stomach at the level 11th thoracic vertebra. The muscle shell of the esophagus helps to move the chimus along the canal in the stomach.

STOMACH:

The organ that is located in the epigastric region.
Begins with a radical hole, which is at the level 11th thoracic vertebra.
Ends with a gatekeeper, who is located at the level 1st lumbar vertebra.
Volume - 0.5 l, after food hit about 1 liter.
The stomach has a J-like shape created by two curvatars. A longer and more convex curvature is located on the left. It is located between the cardinal sphincter and the bottom. On the contrary, a shorter and concave curvature. It contains a small hole that connects the esophagus and stomach.
The stomach is placed vertically next to the following organs: liver, spleen, pancreas, skinny intestine. It also has the walls: front and rear.

The stomach is conditionally divided into departments:

Cardial (at the level of the 7th rib)
Bottom (at the level of the 5th rib)
Body
Pyloric (at the level of the 1st transverse vertebra)

SMALL INTESTINE:

The longest part of the digestive system. It extends from the stomach (sawmill) to the colon and consists of three parts: duodenum, skinny and ileum.
Together they can reach six meters in length. All three parts in front are covered with a large seal.
The duodenum has both intra -abdominal and retroperitoneal areas, the skinny and iliac intestine is completely in the peritoneum.

DUODENUM:

The first part of the small intestine. She extends from the pyloric sphincter, goes around the pancreatic head and ends with a duodenal bend.
The duodenum consists of four parts: upper, descending, horizontal and ascending.
The upper part is the only intra -Bruck part, since a ligament of the liver and a large oil seal is attached to it.
In the descending part there are papillae in which the bile ducts and ducts of the pancreas are opened.

JEJUNUM:

It is the second part of the small intestine.
It begins with the bend of the duodenum and ends in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity.
The skinny intestine is completely intra -abdominal, since the mesentery attaches it to the posterior abdominal wall.

ILEUM:

The last and longest part of the small intestine.
It is in the right lower quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It ends at the ileum (ileocecal valve). The ileum passes into the cecum.
In the ileocecal valve, the iliac intestine enters the blind, forming an ileocecal fold.
It is formed by intestinal fibers that create a muscle ring called a sphincter. It controls the transition of the contents of the iliac intestine to the large.

COLON:

Located in the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Its length is approximately 1.5 meters.
The colon is a continuation of the ileum.
It extends from the ileocecal connection to the anus.

The colon consists of such parts:

Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal channel

The first four form the colon itself.

Scheme of the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract of a person: Blood intestine

CECUM:

The first part of the colon lying in the right iliac of the abdomen.
The cecum is intra -abdominal.
It is separated from the ileum of the intestine by an ileocecal valve, which limits the speed of food in the cecum.
The blind intestine has the appearance of a bag long 6-8 mm.

APPENDIX:

It is a lymphoid bag located in the right iliac hole.
It forms from the cecum.
The diameter of the worm -shaped process varies from 7 to 8 mm, and its length - 2-20 cm, average - 9 cm.

COLON:

Part of the colon, which is located between the cecum and rectum.
It has four parts: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid intestines.
The rising gut - passes through the iliac hole on the right, the right side and the right region of the hypochondrium. It ends on the right liver bend. The rising colon is a retroperitoneal.
The transverse intestine It extends between the hepatic and spleen bends, covering the right hypochondrium, epigastric and left underlying region of the abdominal cavity. A large oil seal hangs over it. The transverse intestine is intra -abdominal.
The descending gut It extends from the sphere bend to the sigmoid intestine. It passes through the left region of the hypochondrium, the left side and the left iliac hole. This part of the colon is retroperitoneal.
Sigmoid colon — S-shaped intestine It passes from the left ileum to the 3rd sacral vertebra. This part of the intestine is intraperitoneal.

RECTUM:

It extends between the 3rd sacral vertebra and anal canal.
The rectum has a characteristic S-shaped shape with several bends: sacrum, rear-mezzanine and lateral.
The latter corresponds to three folds called transverse rectal folds.
It ends in an expanded ampoule.
The rectum is partially intra -abdominal.
She adjacent to the bladder in men, in women to the uterus.

Anal channel:

Forms the terminal part of the gastrointestinal tract.
It extends from the rectum to the anus. The latter is an external hole of the entire digestive system.
The mucous membrane of the upper half of the anal canal contains anal columns. Their lower parts have valves that are surrounded by sinuses. The latter emit lubricating mucus during defecation.

The anal canal has an internal and external sphincters. They are tonic reduced to prevent uncontrolled secretion of feces or gases.

Digestive process: functions, description

The digestive process is a complex mechanism of chemical and mechanical processing of food, in which it is digested and absorbed by the cells of the body. In humans, he is special, with its functions in which the components from organs into the blood and other systems are absorbed. Digestion is important for the body. Here is his detailed description:

Food enters the mouth where the chewing process occurs. This allows you to break food into small pieces, mix them with saliva. Saliva contains: mucin, which softens food and amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates into sugar.
The food lump goes down the esophagus and enters the stomach. There, food is mixed with gastric juice and hydrochloric acid. Gastric juice contains pepsin and renin, which break down proteins. Solic acid kills bacteria that may be present in food.
In the duodenum, the chimus is neutralized by bile. She also divides lipids into monomer compounds. In this, it is helped by the enzymes of the pancreas. Most nutrients from the chimus through villi enter the bloodstream.
Unberted out particles go into the colon. Excess water is absorbed there and feces are formed, which move into the rectum, then into the anal canal and go through the sphincter.

As you can see, all the organs and systems of the digestive tract are involved in the mechanism. The food is digested, converted into energy, due to which calories are extracted, which is necessary for a person for life.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: Description

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: stomatitis

The gastrointestinal tract performs in the human body one of the most important functions. Digestive diseases are pathologies in which the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines is damaged. As a result of their course, severe complications usually develop. They threaten not only health, but also human life. Here is a description of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

Stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth:

The disease affects the mucous membranes that are on the inner surface of the mouth.
Stomatitis leads to painful sensations And tingling in the mouth.

The main symptoms:

Ulcers inside the lips, cheeks or in the tongue with white/yellow plaque and red base
Redness
Swelling
Burning sensation in the oral cavity
Lesions that heal for two weeks

Esophagitis:

Inflammation or irritation of the muscle tube - the esophagus.
Esophagitis Driving to painful swallowing, cough, chest pain when eating, heartburn.

Refluks-esophagitis:

It is a chronic inflammatory process caused by pouring acid and pepsin from the stomach.
The disease can lead to the ulceration of the mucous membrane and secondary fibrosis in the muscle wall.

Symptoms of reflux esophagitis:

Complex and painful swallowing
Chest pain
Food stuck in the esophagus
Nausea
Vomit
Reduction of appetite

HEARTBURN:

The sensation of burning in the chest caused by the ingress of gastric acid into the esophagus.
Burning occurs in the central part of the chest cavity, immediately behind the sternum.
Symptoms of heartburn may be accompanied by a feeling of bitterness in the mouth.

Chronic gastritis:

It is a chronic progressive disease of the stomach.
Characterized gastritis dystrophy, inflammation, impaired regeneration of the mucous membrane of the stomach with further atrophy.

Common symptoms:

Abdominal pain
Intermittent or permanent burning
Nausea
Diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Bloating
Bodding

Chronic duodenitis:

Inflammatory disease that affects the upper part of the small intestine.
Leads to bloating, hungry pain in the abdomen, reflex in the stomach.
The condition may not cause any symptoms.

Gastroduodenit:

Inflammation of the mucous membrane (inner) of the wall of the stomach and 12-peremail intestine.
Symptoms of gastritis and duodenitis are characteristic.

Duodenogastral reflux:

The retrograde flow of the contents of the duodenum in the stomach.
Reflux with alkaline secretions of the pancreas and intestines, as well as salts of bile acids and lysolecytin, leads to the destruction of the barrier mucosa and chemical damage to the epithelium of the surface of the stomach.

ENTERITIS:

Inflammation of the small intestine caused by irritants, poisons, viral, bacterial infections or unknown factors.
Symptoms of enteritis Extremely variable, but usually include constant or periodic diarrhea, sometimes bloody, accompanied by painful cramps in the abdomen.

Chronic colitis:

It is a chronic progressive digestive disease characterized by inflammation of the inner membrane of the colon.
Symptoms include abdominal pain with diarrhea.

Prozat:

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the rectum, which can occur as a result of infection, inflammatory intestinal disease or radiation.
Symptoms are rectal discomfort and bleeding.

Now you know everything about the structure of the gastrointestinal tract, the functions of the digestive system and disease of the gastrointestinal tract.