The central nervous system (central nervous system) is anatomy: structure, functions, physiology, features

The central nervous system consists of neurons and other cells. More details are described in the article.

central nervous system (Central nervous system) is the control center of the entire body - it includes the brain and spinal cord. It is these two structures that determine which signals we get from the environment. It also affects how our planned movements occur or how often we breathe.

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What are the components of the central nervous system? What are the diseases of the central nervous system? Look for answers to these and other questions in the article below. Read further.

The basis of the central nervous system is anatomy: brain, cells

According to anatomy, the central nervous system consists of two main components:

1. Brain
2. Spinal cord

The basis of the central nervous system is also nerve cells, that is, neurons are assessment of scientists, only in their brain about 100 billion. In addition to them, the structures of the central nervous system also consist of various supporting cells (called glial cells), which include:

• Astrocytes - cells engaged in degradation of neurotransmitters and the removal of unnecessary metabolites from the vicinity of neurons
• Oligodendrocytes - cells participating in the production of myelin shells
• Ependry cells - lining the structures of the ventricular system, which are responsible for both production and for the resorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

The following is described how the central nervous system develops in humans. Read further.

Development of the central nervous system: physiology, features

The beginning of the development of the central nervous system according to the physiology of a person, occurs quite early, already on the 16th day after fertilization. This is when the nervous plate is formed from the ectoderm. Here are the features of development:

• Due to the growth of cells, a nervous gutter is formed along its periphery.
• Then a nervous tube appears, which is completely closed by the end of the fourth week of pregnancy.
• Special bubbles begin to form inside the tube.
• The front brain is also used to form an intermediate brain.
• During pregnancy, certain parts of the central nervous system increase in size and their various elements develop.
• Among the important events taking place during the development of the central nervous system, the formation of the first synaptic ties at the sixth week of pregnancy or the beginning of the formation of myelin shells should also be mentioned for 11-12 weeks pregnancy.

There is no need to explain the fact that, as the structure and functions of the central nervous system are quite complex, as well as the process of its development. Various pathologies that violate the development of the central nervous system (for example, harmful factors to which the fetus is subjected to during pregnancy) can lead to congenital defects of the central nervous system, for example - anencephalia Spina Bifida - The formation of only one hemisphere of the brain.

Central nervous system - structure: brain

The brain is part of the central nervous system. It consists of several different structures that differ both in their structure and in the functions performed. In the brain protected by the structures of the skull, such an element as Borderlands Interbrain Midbrain Core - an extended cerebellum.

If we look at any diagram depicting the brain (above in the picture), what is striking the first - the hemispheres of the brain - correspond to the anterior brain. In addition to the above structures, this part of the central nervous system also includes:

• The commissors of the brain (which consist of a corpus callosum)
• Basal ganglia
• Hippocampus
• Lateral ventricles belonging to the ventricular system of the brain

Four shares are distinguished in the front brain:

• Frontal share - It is located in front of the front brain and corresponds to maintaining attention, short -term memory, motivational processes and planning.
• The parietal share - It is located next to the frontal share and is responsible for the integration of various sensory stimuli, such as tactile stimuli from different parts of the body.
• Temporary share - It is located in the lateral parts of the front brain, its functions include analysis of auditory sensations, in addition, the temporal share is also associated with our memory and emotions.
• The occipital share - Located in the back of the front brain, it plays a role in analyzing visual stimuli.

It is also worth mentioning some components of the front brain.

• Cormation body It is a combination of numerous nerve fibers, thanks to which the right and left hemispheres of the brain can interact with each other (usually considered the largest accumulation of white matter throughout the brain).
• Basic nuclei are structures responsible for how our motor activity proceeds.
• Hippocampus It is considered an element of the limbic system and is associated with various memory processes.

The intermediate brain belonging to the central nervous system is between the final and middle brains. It includes thalamus and hypothalamus, as well as the third ventricle of the ventricular system. The pineal endocrine gland and pituitary gland are also considered parts of the intermediate brain.

Like all parts of the central nervous system, the intermediate brain also performs many important functions. It is there that the centers that control the course of metabolism are located. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are one of the main endocrine glands. They distinguish hormones that control the function of other glands, such as thyroid gland, gonads or adrenal glands. The pineal gland is involved in the regulation of sleep rhythm and wakefulness, in addition, it contains various centers, the task of which is to integrate various sensory incentives reaching the central nervous system.

The average brain in the structure of the central nervous system: functions

In the middle brain, there is an element of the ventricular system of the brain - the water supply system (lat. AquaedUctus cerebri) filled with cerebrospinal fluid, the fourth chamber.

The middle brain has numerous connections with the rest of the brain, and its main functions are to control the movements of the eyes and reflexes associated with vision and hearing. The middle brain, along with the brain substance and the bridge, form a structure known as the brain stem.

Bridge of the brain stem in the central nervous system: Functions

As mentioned above, the bridge is part of the brain stem. His tasks include impact on the course of various motor activity. In addition, the bridge is also a connecting link between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex belonging to the end brain. This is one of the important parts of the central nervous system, which has special functions and is responsible for the tone of facial expressions and vestibular and cervical reflexes.

Oblong brain in the central nervous system: functions

Medulla is the third and last component from which the brain trunk is built. Inside this structure there are many centers that control the basic life processes - breathing, blood pressure. The functions of the oblong brain - it serves as an intermediary in the transmission of nerve impulses between the spinal cord and other elements of the central nervous system.

Mozheschok: the department of the central nervous system, functions

The name of the department of the brain and central nervous system "Mozheshka" did not arise from scratch. The structure of this element resembles the reduced hemispheres of the brain. Like the brain, the cerebellum consists of two hemispheres. The functions of this part of the central nervous system are extremely important. It is the cerebellum that is responsible for maintaining the balance and the exact course of your movements. Another functions of this department - this structure is involved in the coordination of eye movement and affects our training in new motor activity.

Spinal cord: department of the central nervous system

The spinal cord is an important department of the central nervous system and a kind of intermediary. He takes part in the transfer of impulses between the upper floors of the central nervous system (that is, the brain) and the peripheral nervous system. Such impulses are signals from tactile, pain or thermal receptors.

The spinal cord passes almost along its entire length in the spinal canal. Usually it ends at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord is divided into segments:

• 8 cervical
• 12 breast
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 1 tailbone

From each of these segments, one pair of spinal nerves depart.

Diseases of the central nervous system: organic disorders, departments disorders

Due to the important functions of the central nervous system, the symptoms of its diseases can seriously disrupt the normal functioning of the human body. The central nervous system is much more than you can imagine. This can be organic violations, as well as disorders of the work of different departments for one reason or another and much more.

Diseases of the central nervous system include:

• Various types of infections - for example, meningitis, encephalitis or brain abscess. In addition, damage to the central nervous system can occur even with various diseases that are sexually transmitted, for example, syphilis of the central nervous system.
• The stroke ischemic or hemorrhagic.
• Neoplastic diseases are benign and malignant tumors.
• Injuries of the central nervous system.
• Congenital defects - Anencephalus - is one of the most serious of these problems.
• Genetically determined diseases - lateral amyotrophic sclerosis or Huntington disease.
• Disorders of nervous development - ADHD and autistic spectrum disease.

It is impossible to list all pathologies of the central nervous system, there are a lot of them. Symptoms will depend on which pathology of the patient develops individually. Sometimes diseases in humans develop very insidious, and symptoms slowly increase in severity, for example, with various neurodegenerative diseases. Other people may have a sudden and severe neurological collapse - an example of such a disease is a stroke.

Video: General principles of the structure of the nervous system. Spinal cord

Video: The central nervous system. structure and functions

Video: Brain device and work

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