In what year the USSR broke up and for what reason?

The USSR is one of the largest states on the map of the world. This was once, but in the late 80s of the last century, stability and power began to stagger, and then completely fall apart into parts.

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Of course, this could not happen on the same day, and there were many prerequisites for such a grandiose on a global scale. How did this happen?

Stages of the collapse of the USSR

Already with 1988 The Republic of Baltic began to declare sovereignty. In addition, the Communist Parties of these countries also announced the release of their CPSU. Further, all the former union republics one after another for only 2 years (1989-1990) They announced that they consider themselves sovereign.
On the part of the USSR government, attempts were made to stabilize the situation, including power: on April 9, 1989, a peaceful demonstration in the capital of Georgia Tbilisi was rigidly depressed, in 1990 martial law was introduced in the capital of Azerbaijan Baku, and in 1991 a television center was stormed in Lithuania in Lithuania in Lithuania Vilnius, and in Riga the atrocities of riot police began.
At the same time, the CPSU monopoly is replaced multiparty. At the beginning of 1991, during the conduct of the Democratic Congress in Kharkov, in which about 50 different parties, associations, movements, representatives of the 12 republics immediately announced the distrust of the current government and the need to dissolve the USSR.
It should be mentioned about interethnic conflicts: Nagorny Karabakh (1989)-with the participation of Armenia and Azerbaijan, Central Asia (1989-1990). After the referendum in the republics of the Baltic and Georgia in 1991, the “Old Guard”, consisting of adherents of communist ideas, tried to make an attempt to make a coup. The GKChP they created (the State Committee on Extraordinary Regulation) on August 19-21, 1991 tried to actually commit a coup d'etat, which went down in history under the name of the putsch.
He was preceded by the so-called Novoogarevsky process, which followed the discussion of the new union agreement and the All-Union referendum, held in March 1991. In the same year, on April 23, 1991, in Novo-Ogra, the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev held negotiations on the possibility of signing a fundamental other agreement between the republics of the republics THE USSR. 9 republics took part in them, which agreed on the possibility of creating the SSG (union of sovereign states). It was on the eve of the planned date of signing such an agreement (August 20, 1991) that the notorious putsch took place.
Having received from Mikhail Gorbachev a refusal to offer a state of emergency, the GKChP declared it himself since August 19. Moreover, troops entered large cities. In fact, having blocked the president at his cottage in the Crimea, the putschists announced his illness. Almost all the media were closed, with the exception of several central newspapers and channels. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR and the then Leader of Russia Boris Yeltsin, to whose side, many military units switched to the Council of the RSFSR. Thus, the coup was in 3 days after 3 days.

The collapse of the USSR depended on many factors

The final stage in the collapse of the USSR was the second half of 1991.

Mikhail Gorbachev leaves the presidential post, at the same time blooding the Central Committee of the CPSU. The putsch contributed to the fact that 8 republics immediately made statements about their independence, and the Baltic countries were even recognized as the Soviet Union.
After the referendum on December 1, 1991, on which more than 80% of Ukrainians voted for independence, a meeting followed in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha. It took place on December 8, 1991 and brought with it the signing of the statement that the Union Treaty in force since 1922 was terminated.
3 countries participating in the meeting- Russia, Ukraine and Belarusian - It was proclaimed the creation of the CIS (the Commonwealth of Independent States), where all republics, except Baltic. Later, Georgia and Ukraine left the CIS.

The point of end of the existence of the USSR was December 1991.

Who was the first to leave the USSR?

I did this first Estonia, proclaiming his sovereignty on November 16, 1988. The country's independence was proclaimed on August 20, 1991, and in fact, Estonia became independent on September 6, 1991
The next year, similar statements followed her next year Lithuania and Latvia. Latvia announced sovereignty on July 28, 1989 and already less than a month later, on August 21, 1991 - about independence. Lithuania did this on April 18, 1989 and March 11, 1990, respectively.

How many countries did the USSR break up?

It is natural that the number of countries into which the USSR collapsed corresponds to the number of former union republics. In total, 15 sovereign states were formed in 1991: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Estonia.

In addition, as a result of interethnic conflicts, states have been formed on the territory of several countries that are today unrecognized (Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Transnistria) or partially recognized (Abkhazia, South Ossetia).

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR

The reasons for the collapse of the USSR are still arguing. Someone believes that “Gorbachev, who ruined the country, is to blame for everything,” others are looking for prerequisites in the economy.
Undoubtedly one thing, by the time of the collapse of the state, by 1991, the country had just a huge accumulation of causes in absolutely all areas of public life. It was their multiplicity that became the starting point for the cessation of the existence of a huge state formation.

Economic reasons for the collapse of the USSR

Many experts believe that the Soviet economy was largely dependent on oil prices. In the mid-80s of the last century, oil prices were practically wrapped, which led to a decrease in foreign exchange earnings. And the economy itself did not work in the best way: imperfect planning, obvious disproportionality, uneven distribution, detention of production funds. And the quality of the products manufactured on the domestic market left much to be desired.
Wanting to save the situation, the authorities only aggravated the situation. The conducted anti -alcohol campaign turned into a decrease in admission to the treasury, the growth of moonshine, sugar became a deficit, many vineyards that simply cut down were injured.
In 1987, as a result of economic reform, private enterprises began to appear, where state funds flowed, and the supply industry gave a final failure. The republics, who announced their sovereignty one after another, significantly reduced taxes on taxes to the union budget, which led to a break in economic ties.
Also among reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union - an excess of cash with a clear shortage of quality goods, significant amounts of expenses for military needs and the provision of humanitarian assistance to some African and Asian countries.

Socio-political reasons for the collapse of the USSR

The outdated methods of government, which, in principle, could not be different, since the country led the country. Against the backdrop of the relatively young world leaders, Soviet party and statesmen clearly lost. They personified an ideology that almost completely lost their support among the population, and the zealous adherents of Soviet power and the communist idea in the country were much less than those who profess the values \u200b\u200bof democracy.
By the end of the 80s of the last century in many republics, not only anti -Soviet sentiments, but national ideas were also proclaimed. Then a number of interethnic conflicts began, which encouraged the socio-political situation.

The intra -party schism was added to this - Democrat Boris Yeltsin became more popular, and Mikhail Gorbachev, associated with communism, associated with communism (despite the rather strong liberal directions in his activity). The multi -party system was replaced by the mating by the Communists finally undermined the foundations
The Communist Party, which, with its authoritarianism, persecution of the church and dissenters, censorship and ideological pressure on culture, closedness from the outside world with coercive collectivism largely tuned people against its methods.

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