Stolypin reforms: factors and tasks of conducting

In this article, we will consider how Stolypin reforms were carried out, and why.

Stolypin Petr Arkadievich (1862 - 1911) - held a high state post during the years of the administration of Nikolai Romanov. He was a gifted politician, the creator of some reforms related to the transformation of the Russian economy in order to improve it and raise a state situation to a more favorable position. Stolypin’s strategy was to carry out a number of reforms and save autocratic, political and social orders.

Factors and tasks of the Stolypin reforms

The period of the first Russian revolution from 1905 to 1907 - revealed multiple shortcomings and obstacles that interfere with the formation and development of Russia as a strong state. The country still suffered from the remnants of feudalism. In addition, the revolution that had occurred gave an impetus to the emergence of anarchist movement in the state.

Scribbling was traced both in the ruling elite and in the bottoms due to national interests. Also, troubles affected the agrarian zone. A wave of creation of extremist organizations swept throughout the country. The illiteracy of the population and the dissatisfaction of workers and peasants with their public position led to mass discontent, which the leading power was not able to cope. The ruling elite refused to suppress folk protests with decisive methods, before the coming of Stolypin, who took the post of prime minister. Stolypin identified the main goal of his reforms - the appeal of the Russian state, to the capitalist powerful country, by the method of modern development of the population and the economy.

Stolypin’s desire to develop Witte's economic strategy - the eradication of the feudal system in the state and Russia's entry into the ranks of successful capitalist countries. So over the years of his reign, Stolypin conducted military, educational, zemstvo, social, judicial and agrarian reform.

The main tasks of the Stolypin reforms:

1. Military -The Russian-Japanese war gave Stolypin an understanding that it was necessary to make changes to the military charter. A number of changes included: new rules for drafting into the army, a schedule of commissions for draft was established, benefits for recruits were assigned. Also, on the basis of the reform, a new equipment for a soldier was introduced, cash payments for the development and allowance of the officers' corps were increased, and the construction of strategic railway messages was launched. It should be noted that Stolypin did not support the idea of \u200b\u200bgetting Russia to a world war. He believed that Russia has no sufficient potential to survive such shocks.

   

2. Educational reform - Founded by order of Stolypin in 1908. It has been approved, for ten years to conduct primary education among the population without fail.
3. Zemsky reform - It was carried out in order to strengthen the process of Russification of Western lands, which included Finnish and Polish territories. The goal was to supplant representatives of national minorities from the local administration bodies. According to Stolypin - this was to strengthen the position of the royal regime in this region.
4. Social - It was also held in 1908. Stolypin issued an order to provide working medical care for a disease or injury. If the employee received disability, the law obliged the state to pay compensation.
5. Judicial reform - It was carried out against the background of an unstable post -revolutionary situation in the state. Military courts were created. Stolypin developed legal norms that would be valid for all segments of the population. The plans included the creation of a single legal code - a determining degree of responsibility of civil servants and civilian human rights.
6. Agrarian reform - One of the large -scale innovations of Stolypin. The reform did not find support among contemporaries and was not fully completed. But she made a lot of changes and went down in history as the most important Stolypin reform.

Stolypin agrarian reform: Basic aspects

Stolypin believed that Russia needs to resolve the tension in the country before proceeding with the reforms. The most exciting issue at that time was an agricultural conflict, which caused the revolution.

The purpose of the agrarian reform was:

1. The eradication of the patriarchal way of life in villages for the introduction of capitalist relations.
2. Settlement of social discontent caused by an agrarian issue.
3. An increase in labor productivity among peasants.
4. The phased entry of the peasants in the rights of private ownership of the land.

The reform begun welcomed the desire of the peasants to acquire free land allotments and landowner lands. To the peasants who entered into cooperative farms or the united peasant partnerships were supported and assistance from the state. This approach brought its prospects - the number of sowing sections increased, the number of grain sent for export increased. This made it possible to move away from the remnants of feudalism and strengthen the productivity in the villages 35% of the peasants left the community and organized farms.

• The peasants were allowed to dispose of their land allotments: to sell or bequeath to the heirs, to lay on bail for the ransom of landowner lands - the effect of the pledge was designed for 55 years.
• Some of the peasants, not having enough lands, was moved to the Urals and Siberia for the development of territories. However, the government did not take into account the scale of the resettlement, and it was not ready to provide amenities in a timely manner for living on a low -excessive land.

• As a result, most of the resettled peasants soon returned back to her lands. And in addition to the tension of relations between peasants and landowners, feuds of fists and communities were added.
• The ruling regime carried out a large infusion of capital to carry out this reform. The laying of new roadways, adjusting the economic activities of immigrants, medical support and supply were financed.

But, despite the strategically correct goals for the development of the Russian economy, this was not enough - the reform could not affect the improvement of the situation in the country. One of the significant obstacles was the lack of production intensity. The main focus was carried out at the expense of peasant labor. The peasant labor productivity increased, and with it the agrarian increase in the population in the central regions of the state grew. This led to the occurrence of hunger in these regions.

Reform results:

Stolypin’s reform could not fully cope with the problem of overpopulation and hunger. But in general, for the country it turned out to be productive - within seven years of reform, the state has achieved certain goals:

1. As a result of the mass exit of peasants from communities - sowing indicators increased 1.5 times.
2. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe used productive lands increased by 10%.
3. The acquisition of agricultural machinery has also increased by more than 3 times.
4. Grain export reached the mark - 40% of world exports.
5. Fertilizers have grown.
6. There was a rapid development of the country's industrial capabilities, which brought Russia to a leading position in the global economy.

Nevertheless, Stolypin failed to carry out all the plans conceived. Conducting a farm to the extent, as Stolypin represented in his reform, was not realized. It was difficult for the peasants to abandon the usual collective management in favor of the innovations. The alternative was the creation of cooperative associations and artel.

Agrarian reform became the beginning of the mass economic and social transformation of Russia. The reforms were required to bring the country to a new stage of military and economic development, to eliminate peasant communities, to build promising farms. And to establish Russia as a strong and successful power with a growing economy, thanks to the development of possessive private lands and farms.

The Stolypin took a term of at least 20 years to conduct the reformation, so the author could not evaluate the results of its holding. And the results of the reform were contradictory - the issue of agrarian crisis was not resolved. On the contrary, social discontent intensified among the urban population of the country. Russia has not been able to, with the help of reform, change the vector of the mood of the masses aimed at the implementation of the revolutionary coup.

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