Spiders: species, body structure, reproduction. How many legs, eyes do the spider, how does the web weave, how much does it live, insect or not? Poisonous and non -appropriate spiders: List with names

Spiders surround us everywhere. Therefore, it is important to know which spiders are safe and which you need to bypass.

Spiders are one of the oldest inhabitants of the planet, known from the Devonian and Carboniferous period. It is believed that they appeared approximately 400 million years ago. The creation of the Paleozoic era had a characteristic web apparatus, but were more primitive. Their habitat is the widest - the entire planet, not counting the Antarctic.

The science of spiders: what is it called?

Aranology is the science of spiders, which is part of the section of zoology - arachnology. Arachnology studies the arthropods of invertebrates spider -shaped. The origin of the name is ancient Greek.

Also, arachnology is the art of predicting the weather, based on observing the actions of spiders.

Spiders - what are the species

Researchers know about 42 thousand spiders. Spiders can be divided into three large submarines, which mainly differ in the structure of the jaws, more precisely, the position of Helicar relative to the longitudinal axis of the body.

Subthognatha subordinate

More often than representatives of this submarine are called migalomorphs. Characterized by the presence of thick hairs, large sizes and the primitive structure of the jaws - the claw is directed down and grows only on the upper jaw. The respiratory system is represented by pulmonary bags.

The main part of the migalomorphs lives in a warm climate. The burrows arrange for themselves underground.

Orthognatha includes:

• spiders-pedicels
• runny spiders
• ktenisides
• spiders -camines

Subordinate Araneomorpha

Almost all the other species of spiders known to naturalists belong to a large Labidognatha or Araneomorpha group. They differ in that both jaws are equipped with claws. The respiratory system is represented by a trachea.

Types of spiders that catch prey without a network:

• spiders-crabs
• spiders-scacuenes
• spiders-wolves

Types of spiders using a dexterous network:

• spiders Linifids
• spearry spiders
• running spiders, or brownies
• dolgonka spiders
• spiders-skewers

Among the aranoomorphic spiders are also distinguished by those that are not able to produce cribellum - a substance from which spiders produce a strong web silk, and those who produce it.

Subordinate Mesothelae

Lifistiomorphic spiders are distinguished in that the Helusers are placed to the side, and not directed down. This situation is considered more evolutionarily advanced. But, this subordinate is considered the most primitive, its traces were found in carbon deposits. Spiders have archaic pulmonary bags, four pairs of spider warts that have not yet been shifted to the end of the abdomen. They live in earthen burrows that close the lid. Signal threads diverge from the minks. Although one species prefers a cave where we spider pipes on the walls.

These include:

• spiders is articulated
• primitive spiders arthropolicoside
• primitive spiders arthromigalid

Spider: insect, animal or not?

Spiders belong to the type of animals - an arthropods detachment in the classroom. Therefore, spiders are animals, not insects.

The differences in the spider and the insect:

• the spider has four pairs of legs, and insects are three pairs
• spiders have no characteristic antennae of antennae
• a lot of eyes, up to twelve pairs
• the body of the spider always consists of a cereal and abdomen
• some types of spiders have intelligence: they distinguish strangers from their own, can protect the owner, feel the mood of the owner, even dance to the music. No insect can, unlike the animal.

The structure of the body of the spider

The body of spiders, covered with an outer skeleton, consists of two parts that are connected by a small tube:

• the head -breast is formed by the head merged with the chest
• abdomen

Golovoad

• The thug is divided into two departments: head and chest. In the front head area there are eyes and jaws - Helicers. In most spiders, the Helusers are directed down, ending with a claw. The claws are placed poisonous glands.
• The lower part of the jaws - pedipalpas, are used as tent and grasping elements. Between the pedipalpas there is a mouth that serves for sucking. In some sexually mature males, Pedipalps are also a zimbium - a copulating apparatus.
• Simple eyes are also in the front head area.
• Four pairs of articular legs are also on the header in the thoracic region. Each leg of the spider consists of 7 segments. On the last membership of each leg there are two or more smooth or jagged claws.

Abdomen

• The abdomen can be formed: round, oval with processes, angular, elongated black -shaped. There are stigma on the abdomen - breathing holes.
• On the bottom of the abdomen there are spider warts, in which there are web glands. A sexual hole is located near the base of the abdomen. In females, he is surrounded by a thickened chitin plate, and in males the sexual hole looks like a simple gap.

Spiders can grow up to 10 cm in size, and the scope of their limbs can exceed 25 cm, it all depends on the type. The smallest representatives are only 0.4 mm in size.

The color, the pattern depends on the structure of the body covering the body and hairs, the presence of pigment and the type of spider.

How many legs have a spider, limbs?

• All spiders have four pairs of legs, which are located on the header and are usually covered with hairs.
• On each leg there are sickle crested claws. Between claws, most often there is a sticky pillow - a claw -shaped appendage.
• The spiders, weaving web, have auxiliary barred claws that allow the spider to move freely along the web.

How many eyes do you have?

• Depends on the type. Some species have only two eyes, and some have up to twelve. Most species have 8 eyes that are located in two rows.
• In any case, the two front eyes are the main (main). They differ in the structure from others, side eyes: they have muscles to move the retina and do not have a reflective shell. Also, auxiliary eyes are distinguished by the presence of photosensitive retinal cells. The more there are, the more acute the vision of the spider.
• Some spiders can also see well as a person to distinguish colors. For example, sliding spiders. Night hunters, for example, spiders-comrade people, see perfectly not only at night, but also during the day. But stray spiders are best seen.

How does the spider weave a web?

The web thread consists of many thin threads, which the spider glues with each other a special liquid that is rapidly hardening in the air. Thanks to this, the cobwebs are so high that spiders even travel with its help, overcoming kilometers of distances.

The web can be dry, sticky, elastic - it all depends on the purpose of the thread.

Types of threads for the web:

• for cocoon
• cold sticky thread
• for moving
• to confuse production
• thread for fasteners

The design of the web depends on the hunting method. Spiders use a thread when weaving, reflecting ultraviolet rays that most insects see. Moreover, the spider flies the reflecting ultraviolet thread in such a way that they are similar to flowers, which also reflect ultraviolet. Therefore, insects fly on an alluring and sweet flower, and fall into the web.

Stages of weaving web:

1. The first spider releases a long thread. Such a thread is picked up by an air stream, rushes to the nearest branch and clings to it (Fig. 1, 2).
2. Then another parallel to the previous free -legged thread is weaved. The spider moves to the middle of this thread, which is pulled under its weight, and weave another thread in the direction down until it finds the third support (Fig. 3).
3. On the support, the spider fasten the thread and the Y-shaped frame is obtained.
4. Next is weaved by a common circuit and several more radii (Fig. 4).
5. An auxiliary spiral is weaving on these radii (Fig. 5). This whole frame is weaved from a non -threaded thread.
6. Further, the spider is already sticking with a sticky thread, the second spiral weaves, towards the middle of the web from its edge.

Construction may take 1-2 hours.

How do spiders propagate?

• Males usually differ from females in size (the male is smaller), long legs, a brighter color, the presence of pedipalp, which appear in males only during the last molting.
• First, males weave a special sperm-wag. Although some species are limited to several stretched threads. Then the spider applies a drop of sperm to the web and fills with the sperm of the pedipalpes, with which it introduces sperm to the female into the seven receiver. And goes in search of a female.
• Finds a spider female by smell. Finding a suitable female, the male begins to carefully approach. If the female is not located to courtship, then he attacks a spider, it can even eat it.
• If the female looks favorably at the male, then the male begins to lure the female: performs “wedding dances”, “calls” with his feet, brings prey. Having blocked the female, the spider carefully approaches her, touches the tips of the legs, then with pedipalpas and retreats. Also male "Drum" on the substrate.
• If the female does not show aggression and “drumming” herself, then the male carefully approaches and brings his pedipalpas to the female floor opening. The act lasts a few seconds.
• Then the male runs away so that the female does not ate him. Although this happens quite rarely. In one season, a female may have several males.
• For weeks after 6-10, the female weaves a cocoon, in which it lays up to 500 eggs. The female carefully protects the cocoon, holding it between Helitsers. After another 5 weeks, spiders appear.

How many usual spiders live?

Most spiders live a year. But some species, for example, grammostol of pulhra from spiders-pedicates, can live 35 years. Moreover, this applies only to females, males even live 2-3 years live.

Not poisonous spiders: a list with names

There are no poisonous spiders at all. Poison is necessary in order to paralyze the victim, for protection.

But the poison of most spiders encountered is not dangerous. In some cases, it is so small that no one will notice, or redness and swelling will appear. Although in isolated cases an allergy to the spider is possible.

Safe for humansoften encounteredspiders:

Spider Senokoster ordinary. Male size - up to 7 mm, females - up to 9 mm. Long -legged. They hunt in the dark. They like to gather in a heap so that they seem to be a cloud of wool. He weaves not a sticky web. Scare the enemies with the release of an unpleasant odor.

The spider-slide is ordinary, more than 5 thousand species. This is a small 5-6 mm spider, which loves to warm up in the sun and perfectly climbs glass. Good jumpers can jump up to 20 cm. Web do not weave, attack a jump, have excellent vision.

The crossman is ordinary, more than 1 thousand species. The size is up to 25 mm - females, up to 10 mm - males. He has several white spots on his abdomen, forming a cross. They hunt with a round lift of a network, which in diameter can reach 1.5 m.

Spider-covers floral. Size up to 10 mm. It hunts from an ambush, instantly grabs the victim and paralyzes it with poison. Nets do not weave. It has camouflage - if necessary, changes color from saturated yellow to white. Those who hunt the bark of trees have a brown color, and those that are colorful in the leaves.

House spider or funnel spider, the most famous and common. The web weaves in a secluded place: on the ceiling, in the corner, behind the cabinet. A male up to 10 mm in size, the female is a little larger - up to 12 mm. The color is yellow-gray with brown spots.

Spider-liner. The dimensions of the female are up to 10 mm, the male is a little smaller. The coloring is light yellow, greenish is found. On the bottom of the abdomen stretched out in the form of seeds - two light stripes. They build circular networks with large “holes”, designed for mosquitoes-longs. The web is built near water, they can run through the water.

Spider-Serebryanka. Male size - up to 16 mm, females - up to 12 mm. A rare spider, is adapted to live in freshwater sluggish water. Can swim. The abdomen is covered with hairs to hold air, so under water the spider seems “silver”. In the water, the “bell” filled with air weaves, where he lives: rests, leaves stocks, eats caught prey.

Spider-PTICEADS (poultry house). Large, up to 20 cm with a scale of legs. They have a beautiful diverse color. Weave a web. Some species are completely harmless to a person, swelling, redness, itching, heat, muscle cramps may appear from the bite of others. Deaths are not described. They are most often kept in homes, females of some species live up to 35 years. Very unpretentious in care. Poultry houses can even be trained.

The top 10 most dangerous, poisonous, deadly spiders in the world, on the planet: list with names

1. Brazilian wandering spider

A resident of the tropics and subtropics of South America is the most dangerous spider according to the Guinness book. The size of the spider is 10-12.5 cm. It is fast, active, the web does not weave, it constantly moves in search of production. Loves bananas. It feeds on other spiders, insects, lizards, birds.

With danger, it becomes on its hind legs, shows fangs. The poison is fatal for weakened people, children. Without assistance, death from the bite of some individuals can occur in 20-30 minutes. In an adult, a healthy person usually occurs a strong allergic reaction.

2. Six -eyed sand spider

The habitat is the deserts of South America, Africa. They can do without water and food for a long time - up to a year. Size, taking into account the scope of the legs up to 5cm.

When hunting, buries into the sand, lets it closer and attacks from shelter. The poison is a hemolytic-non-chorotic toxin that dilutes the blood and causes the decomposition of the tissue. The victim dies from internal bleeding. The antidote is not created, but people die extremely rarely.

3. Sydney funnel spider

The habitat is Australia, within a radius of 100 km from Sydney. Size - up to 5 cm. Lives and hunts in stumps, under stones, on trees or open areas. The poison is not dangerous for most mammals, but fatal for humans and primates.

The spider with danger becomes on the hind legs, shows fangs. With a bite, it digs into the victim’s body and bites many times in a row. At the same time, it is difficult to tear it off. The poison is dangerous due to large doses. First, well -being worsens: nausea, vomiting, sweating. Then - blood pressure is reduced and blood circulation is disturbed, and at the end - the respiratory organs refuse.

4. Black widow

One of the most famous species. The habitat is Mexico, USA, South of Canada, New Zealand. They prefer to live in the desert and prairies. The size of the female up to 1 cm. The female is more dangerous than males. If the female is bitten, then the antidote must be introduced within 30 seconds.

The poison of spider is 15 times stronger than the poison of the rattlesnous snake. The place from the bite heals up to 3 months. The bite is characterized by acute pain, which after 1 hour spreads throughout the body, causing cramps. Breath is difficult, vomiting, sweating, headache, parestasy of the limbs, fever are found.

5. Redpine spider

Outwardly similar to a black widow. Initially lived in Australia, now spread around the world, with the exception of poles. Up to 1 cm in size, feeds on insects, flies, cockroaches, even lizards.

The poison is not able to kill a person, but after a bite you feel pain, convulsions, nausea, increased sweating, general weakness.

6. Karakurt - "Black Worm"

From the kind of black widows, lives in the steppe and desert zones of Russia. The dimensions of the male - up to 0.7 cm, females - up to 2 cm. The most dangerous poison of females, having red dots on the abdomen.

The spider bite itself is practically not tangled, but after a few minutes an acute pain is felt, gradually spreading throughout the body. Convulsions begin, a red rash appears, the victim can feel unreasonable fear, depression. Without assistance, a bite can be a lethal for 5 days.

7. Brown spider-shell

The second name is a violin spider. The habitat is north of Mexico, the south of the USA, California. The dimensions of males - 0.6 cm, females - up to 20 cm. Not aggressive. Lives in dark dry places: attics, sheds, cabinets.

The bite is practically not sensitive. After a bite, the action of the poison begins to be felt after its spread throughout the body, in a day. The temperature rises, nausea, rash, pain in the whole body, tissue edema appears. In 30%, tissue necrosis begins, sometimes organs refuse, and only a few were registered on deaths.

8. Chilean spider-shell

Initially, only South America (Chile) was inhabited, now he also lives in North America, and is found in Europe and Australia. Lives in abandoned places: sheds, woodpes, attics. It feeds on insects, other spiders. Size taking into account the paws - up to 4 cm.

The bite is painful, in strength is like a burn with a cigarette. The poison has a necrotic effect. The victim feels severe pain. Renal failure may develop. Treatment lasts many months, and 1 out of 10 people dies.

9. Spiders-wolves

The habitat is the whole world except Antarctica, but prefer warm countries. They live in shrubs, in grassy meadows, in forests near water sources, in fallen foliage, under the stones. Dimensions - up to 30 mm. They feed on cycades, bugs.

The bite of tropical species is able to cause prolonged pain, dizziness, edema, severe itching, nausea, a rapid pulse. Their poison is not fatal.

10. Terafosis of the blond

One of the largest spiders, the second name is the Goliath poultry house. The size of the body is up to 9 cm, the scope of the legs - up to 25 cm. It feeds on toads, mice, small birds and snakes. It bites only in cases of danger.

The poison has a paralytic effect. But for a person, only a tumor and itching are fraught. With a bite of large animals and humans, poison, as a rule, is not injected. In case of danger, the poultry house shakes away sharp hairs from the back, causing irritation of the mucous membranes.

Although there are many dangerous spiders, they rarely attack. The attack, as a rule, is associated with protection, and in ordinary life the spiders shunch, preferring secluded places for life. There are few deaths, but caution in handling these animals is always needed.

Video. The strangest spiders and unusual spiders in the world