How to save a drowning person and not drown yourself: advice, safety rules and behavior, if you fall under the ice or you are sinking in the water, open sea, methods of first aid, types and causes of drowning. How to understand that an adult and child are sinking: a memo in front of a bathing

Find out how to help a drowning person and not to drown yourself. First aid rules to the drowning man.

Content

Drowning: Why are people drown?

Drowning is one of the most common causes of mortality. According to the Autonomous Office of death from drowning is in third place among the mortality from unintentional injuries.

Every year, thousands of people are drowning all over the world. Most often these are men and children. Men often drown due to intoxication or excessive self -confidence, children - because they are too defenseless, they do not understand the danger of water.

In Australia, drowning is in the first place due to the mortality of children 1-4 years old. In Bangladesh, more than 40% of the death of children is drowning. The numbers are not very joyful. In Russia, many people are also victims of an accident annually. The problem is relevant, it is necessary to talk about it to prevent and avoid tragedy.

Accident cases are for the most part in spring-summer. When it is hot outside and many go to reservoirs, swim, swim and refresh. With the beginning of the bathing season, rescuers have more work, but not always rescuers come to the rescue in time.

Important: anyone can drown, even a good swimmer. Even a master of sports may instantly be defenseless under the influence of water.

The reasons why people are drowning:

The main reason for the drowning is alcohol. When a person is drunk, he is not able to adequately control himself and on his own. Intelligence can cause unpredictable reactions, a person may simply not realize what is happening to him.
Childhood. A few minutes are enough for an irreparable tragedy. You can never leave children near the water themselves, even near the shore.
Inability to swim. Not able to swim must be in water in a special vest or a rescue circle.
Cold water. Bathing water should be comfortable. When the temperature is below 17 °, not every person can feel relaxed. Cold water can cause convulsions that will prevent swimming.
Strong current. It can take a person, knock him out of strength to get out.
Injuries. The injury can cause drowning, you can never jump into the water, if not familiar with the bottom. This should be the golden rule.
Health problems. A person in water may begin an epileptic, heart attack.

To drown, it is not necessary to go deep. Enough that the head may be under water. It is worth remembering that if a person began to sink, he can be saved. In time, the help provided can save a person life. It is only important to know what and how to do.

Theoretical knowledge is given to children at school. Since childhood, children have been taught how to save a sinking person. It is important to have time to put your knowledge into practice.

Types of drowning

Drowning is a complex process. But from the moment when a person begins to sink to a fatal outcome, very little time can pass.

Important: the rescuer has several minutes to save life.

Death occurs for the reason that the respiratory system is filled with water. A person cannot breathe.

Drinking in different types of liquids can occur in different ways. It happens that people are drowning not only in an open pond, but also in a large container with milk, gasoline.

There are such types of drowning:

True. It can be in salt, fresh water. Water goes into the lungs, mixes with blood, hemodilization begins. At this time, a sinking person exhausts the resources of the body with a struggle. At the initial stage, he is in consciousness, breathing has not yet been broken, but a person is excited. At the agonal stage, consciousness, as well as breathing, is impaired, blood circulation is preserved. Then clinical death occurs. True drowning also has the name “pale” due to the color of the skin.
Aspixic. This type of drowning is characterized by the fact that water may not fall into the lungs at all. But there is a laryngospasm. The receptors in the throat are irritated by water, the drowning begins to suffocate.
Syncopal. In this form, quite a bit of water flows into the lungs, and death occurs as a result of cardiac arrest. Due to the sharp spasm of blood vessels, breathing also stops.

In 20% of cases, mixed drowning is observed.

How to understand that a person is drowning?

It is usually believed that the drowning man screams, asks for help, attracts attention with his hands. This is not true. Otherwise, there would be no cases when people are drowning in front of dozens of people.

Important: the drowning person behaves completely differently from how many are used to counting. There is no screaming, waving hands. It is important to know first of all this rule.

There is a concept«instinctive reaction of the drowning man ":

The drowning hands are extended to the sides, a person does not wave them. The stretching of hands in different directions occurs unconsciously, a person makes attempts to surfacing.
The drowning man is located in an upright position. While there is a reaction of instinct, it is able to be in this position only up to 1 minute. Then the body is completely immersed under water.
Mouth all the time under water, then above the water. A person cannot call for help, he simply does not have the opportunity. He throws all his strength to fight and surfacing.
The drowning man does not make meaningful movements. He will not grab the circle or by the hand thrown to him.

In no case is it unacceptable to hesitate. You need to act quickly and immediately. How to save the drowning, read below.

If a person still calls for help, screams, this does not mean that he does not need help. But this is a completely different stage called panic. Such a panic may not last long, it precedes the instinctive reaction. In this case, the drowning man is still able to help the rescuer: he can reach out, grab the circle.

If it seems to you that a person behaves strangely in the water, speak with him. If he looks at you with an incomprehensible look and flounders in the water. Ask a question if everything is fine. If the answer does not follow, you have little time, about 30 seconds.

Other signs, who give out a sinking person:

The eyes are not focused on something.
The mouth is open, and the head is thrown back.
A person is trying to lie on his back all the time.
He does not remove his hair if it is on his face.
The head is located low above the water, the mouth in the water. Sometimes the mouth above the water and eagerly enough air.
A person does not swim from one place, but climbs on the same thing, the look is directed at one point.
There are signs such as chills and convulsive breathing. But it is impossible to determine them from afar.

A man is drowning - how to understand this?

How to understand that the child is drowning?

Children behave in the same way as adults, if they suddenly begin to sink. They begin to flounder in water, throw their heads away, eagerly grab the air.

But there are several alarming signals. To give out the fact that trouble is not far away can be an empty circle or mattress. If you see that an empty mattress or circle floats, look around.

Important: if this is a child, silence should alert. Usually the children scream and frolic in the water. Silence with simultaneous finding at one point should make you think about whether everything is in order.

Do not forget that the child may even drown in the bath. You can never leave small children themselves there. Where they can threaten the danger.

How to save a drowning person: Rules for help

The complexity of the salvation of the drowning man is that he instinctively clings to the rescuer. This may cause an inexperienced person to cope and go to the bottom with a drowning. The force with which the drowning is grasping is very large. This happens due to fear.

Rescuers are experienced professionals, they know what to do so as not to allow you to cling to themselves. You should find out these rules to everyone.

What do we have to do:

Sow to the drowning behind. He should not see that you will save him.
There are three ways that will help transport the drowning man from the water and not drown yourself during salvation.

First way:

Turn the drowning man on the back, then sharply grab his armpits or by the head. Pull behind yourself while working with your feet.

The second method:

Place one hand with a drowning manner in the axillary hollow, take the chin with the same hand. Send your chin with your hand so that the mouth is located all the time above the water. With your feet, as well as with your free hand, row ashore.

Third way:

Put the drowning man on the back, place your armpits with your hand. Hold on your forearm with your hand. Thus pull ashore.

Important: if a drowning man tries to grab you, dive under the water. Wait until the grip weakens. You should not unclench your hands yourself, since the drowning power is very large, you will only waste time.

When you realized that you were wasting time and the person has gone to the bottom, dive. After they seized him, pushed off the bottom very intensively to find yourself on the surface.

It is very important to feel confident in water, really evaluate your strength. A fragile person may well save a person larger than himself, because weight is not felt in water.

A quick reaction is more important here.

If other people are present on the beach, be sure to tell them that trouble happened. Firstly, they will call an ambulance. Secondly, they will help save the drowning man. It’s good when there are rescuers. But this does not happen on all beaches.
A plastic bottle, a rope, a t -shirt, a towel, an inflatable mattress, a circle can help you. Everything that the drowning man can grab onto. If he can do it yet. Even if an object is not able to withstand a person, he can give him confidence and will help to overcome panic.
When you “tow” the drowning man, try to calm him down. Say that everything is fine that you will save him. Thus, a person will be able to calm down and stop resisting.

Salvation of the drowning man is a very complex process physically and morally. Finding in water with an insanely panicing person can be deadly for both sinking and saving. Therefore, really assess the situation and your strength.

First aid to a drowning person on land

When they pulled a drowning man on land, it should be provided to him first help:

Inspect a person. His mouth, as well as his nose, can clog with algae, garbage, sand. It is necessary to quickly clean your mouth, nose. Place your head on your side and fingers cleanse the respiratory organs from pollution.
After that, put a person on your knee face down. Press your hand between the shoulder blades, the water should begin to go out. If this does not happen, press your fingers on the root of the tongue. So you will call the gag reflex.
You need to call an ambulance.

Important: if a person does not show any signs of life, there is no pulse, immediately proceed to resuscitation.

Artificial respiration

It is difficult for an inexperienced person to make artificial respiration, but you need to try. The easiest way "mouth in the mouth".

Put the victim on his back.
Rejoice your head back.
Close your nose, begin to inhale the air into his mouth with your mouth.

In one minute you need to breathe about 12-14 times. So it is necessary to do until the reflex of breathing starts and begins to work independently.

If the water flows out from the mouth of the victim, you need to turn your head on your side, support it.

Indirect heart massage

Together with artificial breathing, it is worthwhile to massage the heart.

Place your hands with your palms in the bottom of the chest.
Press on the chest 50-70 presses in one minute.
For 5 shocks - one inhale.

It is desirable that two people provide assistance. While one will do heart massage, the second - artificial respiration.

Without special preparation, these measures are quite difficult, but it is impossible to inactive. All attempts must be made to save a person.

Video: Artificial respiration and indirect heart massage

Medical care when drowning

Ambulance doctors carry out a number of events that will help restore breathing, and also free the stomach from water.

If a person is in feelings and feels normally, he still cannot be released. There is a probability of “secondary drowning” when death comes after medical care to the victim.

The victim is brought to the hospital, where they monitor their health and perform complications.

How to act as a drowning man if he sinks?

Important: "The salvation of drowning is the work of the drowning people themselves." If you feel that you are toned, try to help yourself. Correct behavior can save your life.

Do not Cry. You seize water, but you can’t scream.
It will help to stay horizontally deep breath. Hold the air, then slowly exhale it.
You can try squeeze the "float". Take a breath and lower your face into the water. Press your knees to the body. Exhale into the water, then inhale in the air, exhale again in the water.
The leg was reduced - pinch, pull yourself strongly by the thumb of your legs.
Hand off - clamp it into a fist. This will remove painful squeezing of the brush.

When they are confused in algae, do not make sudden movements in order to get rid of them. Instead, you should lie on your back, try to swim in a safe place. If the algae is pulled, try to raise your legs, and then try to remove the algae with your hands.

When you captured the current, do not try to resist. Try to hold out on the water on your back, help yourself with your hands. Just swim downstream, trying to swim ashore at an angle. If the water got into the mouth, try to rush, clench.

The most common tragic cases of drowning in the sea or ocean occur when a person fell into the reverse course. It can instantly take it to the sea, but even in this case you need to try to save yourself:

First, never float against the current. Even the most clever and strong man cannot cope with the power of this current. You will only get out of strength, make yourself worse.
Secondly, start to swim to the side, diagonally from the current. When you feel that the current does not carry you, you can begin to swim directly to the shore.

To sink, of course, scary. But you need to try to make every effort to curb your panic. Instead, direct the force to be saved. Then tell yourself thanks for that.

Video: What to do if you end up on the open sea?

How to save a drowning in winter, on ice?

Many decide to reduce the path in winter and go along the frozen lake. This desire is understandable and completely explained. But in this case, it is important not to get on the thin ice so as not to be under it.

What to do if you saw a person who goes under the ice:

First of all, it is necessary to call the Ministry of Emergencies. And only then it is necessary to quickly begin to act.
You can’t run over the ice to the rescue.
You can not give a hand to the drowning person.
You need to take a stick, a board. If there are no such items at hand, a scarf, belt, piece of clothing are suitable.
You need to lie on the ice, crawled with your legs and hands to get to a drowning person.
The subject for salvation must be pushed in front, handing it to the drowning man.
When a person grabbed a stick or branch, pull it to the surface, but not sharply.
The most important thing is to hold the item tightly.
If you do not have an object on hand that could save a person, ask him to try to get the keys or other sharp object. With the help of a sharp object, a drowning man will be able to catch on the ice.
Talk to drowning. Try to reassure, say what to do. A person, of course, will be shocked and in this state can make even more mistakes.
When a person managed to get out, hold on a distance from each other. Creeping to the shore.
The distance from each other and the movement with crawling will weaken the pressure on the ice. Otherwise, you can fail both.

If there were many people on the ice and one of them failed, you need to make a chain of people. Everyone should lie on ice and hold each other's ankles. Thus, you can pull the drowning man.

IMPORTANT: During the salvation of a person, do not get close to the hole. Otherwise, you risk becoming a victim with a drowning.

After they pulled out a person ashore, you need to help him - warm, take it to a warm place, call an ambulance. If there is no way to change immediately, you need to at least squeeze your clothes. Otherwise, she will immediately become oak right on you.

How to behave drowning if he fell under the ice?

You can fall under the ice yourself. And there is no one nearby who could help. In this case, you need to fight for your life. Moreover, this does not mean that you will die.

Important: according to the rescuers, the clothes forms an air cushion, for some period of time it is able to keep on the water. At this time, you need to try to get out. But you can’t dive with your head under the water, otherwise a strong cold shock will occur, and you will freeze.

Should act in this way:

Freeze from all bags, throw them away. Salvation of your life in the first place.
Call for the rescue - a voice is well heard on the ice over distant distances.
Try to reach the edge with your foot, catch first with one foot, then the second. But do not do it sharply.
If a sharp object is at hand, try them to catch on the edge of the ice.
When most of the body finds on the surface, slowly half azge to where they came from. Ice in that place is proven.
You can’t get on all fours or on your feet, you can fail again.

You can add another point - do not panic. But observing it is extremely difficult or even impossible. In such situations, a person is only led by fear for his own life.

Before you hit the road on ice, you need to evaluate its thickness:

If the ice is dark or blue-green, it is thick.
White and opaque - twice thinner.
Gray ice is the thinnest.

Important: ice with a thickness of 10-12 cm can withstand one person, ice is 15-20 cm thick for two people.

Video: How to escape if you hit the ice?

What you need to remember before swimming: Memo

Summer is a carefree time, when you want to swim, swim. But it is necessary to remember the safety rules always.

Never swim drunk. Make this rule for yourself iron.
Especially you can’t swim on a mattress or on a circle in a drunk state.
Do not jump into the water from the run if you do not know the bottom. In any unknown pond, it is better to swim with someone. Or let someone watch you just in case.
If you swam far and tired, lie on your back in the shape of a star. Rest a little, calm down, then continue to swim to the shore.
Do not freeze in the water, trying to prove to yourself or others your endurance. Cold water can lead to seizures of the limbs.
If you do not know how to swim, do not swim on the mattress alone far. Whatever the reliable mattress, the valve can open or the mattress can burst - everything happens.
Do not let yourself fall asleep, floating on the mattress.
Do not swim to the boats, boats and other floating means. You may swept water, touch with reinforcement, tighten under the bottom.
Do not bathe with the peak of solar activity, you can get a sunny blow.
Do not resist the flow.
Rest and swim on equipped beaches.
Try to remain calm even in the most intense situation.