If you soon have exams on biology or anatomy, then knowledge on the topic may be useful to you "Human respiratory system." This article describes its anatomy, structural features and functions. Read further.
The organs of the respiratory system in the human body: gas exchange functions, features of the respiratory system, anatomy
Anatomy of the respiratory system
The organs of the respiratory system in the human body work in a coordinated mechanism, which maintains the functioning of the body. Above the picture describes the anatomy of the respiratory system. This is a complex system that is of great importance to human health and life.
Human respiratory systemin its composition has bronchial paths and lungs.
Air molecules from the environment enter our body through the nasal or oral cavity, follow the pharynx, then into the guttural, trachea and bronchi, which are included in the lungs.
Then these molecules move along bronchial branches and bronchioles, ending their way in the alveoli.
In them, with the direct participation of blood red blood cells, the process of gas exchange proceeds. It provides the intake of oxygen molecules to internal organs.
It's important to know: All respiratory systems in the body of people are of great importance and are closely interconnected.
Gas exchange - This is the exchange of oxygen and other gases that occur between them and blood cells by diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
In the process of gas exchange, the main role is played by blood red blood cells.
They contain a special protein - hemoglobin, with its help it is captured by oxygen with blood in pulmonary bubbles.
It is the red blood cells that are responsible for the delivery of oxygen molecules to all internal organs and tissues. This is the functionality of gas exchange.
In the tissues of the body, red blood cells change oxygen to carbon dioxide and move back to the lungs, where they are again enriched with oxygen, and it all starts first.
Features of the respiratory system The person is as follows:
There is a connection of the respiratory center with all other parts of the brain. If it is interrupted, then the muscles that participate in breathing will be reduced all the time.
Therefore, for normal breathing, this connection should be good.
Also, impulses are affected by the respiratory center, which are brought to it according to the nervous endings. Strong pain in any part of the human body reflexively causes rapid breathing.
In the mucous tissue, there are receptors that, with their irritation, send impulses that inhibit breathing. This is an important protection that is necessary during the process of eating or when other irritating factors, for example, harmful gases and so on enters the throat.
Breathing is a complex process in the body, in which many organs, centers and parts of the body participate. The development of this system occurs even at the stage of the formation of the embryo.
What is the respiratory system in mammals, reptiles, other animals, birds, fish: how is it different from the human respiratory system?
The work of the respiratory system in mammals is built so that the body has the opportunity to receive oxygen from the environment, required for its life. The respiratory system of mammals is similar to a person breathing system. Here is the scheme briefly:
Mammalian respiratory system
The importance of the respiratory system is difficult to overestimate. A living creature, devoid of food, continues to live at least a month. Stopping breathing leads to immediate death.
It is worth noting the following:
The respiratory system is closely interacting with the circulatory.
The air circulating through the airways penetrates the lungs, where it is in contact with the blood.
In the process of this contact, venous blood is freed from carbon dioxide, receiving oxygen in return.
The enriched blood takes away oxygen and delivers it to all tissues of the body.
The anatomically respiratory system of a person and other mammals includes airways and muscles that ensure the advance of air to the lungs and remove it outward.
Respiratory system of fish
The breathing system of all living things is directly related to the habitat. In water animals, gills are performed by lung functions. A thick grid of capillaries is placed in the gill arches of fish. The water surrounding gills enriches the blood contained in its composition with oxygen. A spent carbon dioxide is transmitted back into the water.
Bird respiratory system
The physiology of bird breathing is most difficult to organize.
The air -bearing system of birds, in addition to the lungs, is equipped with a whole network of air bags.
These formations are designed to ensure convenience when flying.
Directly gas exchange, as in mammals, is produced in the lungs.
But this organ in birds is not able to stretch, so it holds little air.
To make up for the supply of oxygen, in the process of exhalation, the air from the bags again enters the lungs, where blood is enriched.
Such double breathing allows the bird not to suffer from a lack of oxygen.
The respiratory system in reptiles also differs from the human respiratory system, although the organs are almost the same - there are light and bronchi.
Below the scheme is clearly visible the structure of the respiratory system of reptiles.
The respiratory system of reptiles
You can look at the structure and appearance of the respiratory system of other animals, for example, terrestrial chordal.
Respiratory system
The organs of the respiratory system in which evolution occurred
Respiratory system
During the evolution, the organisms developed a convenient and highly organized respiratory system.
Many living organisms, for example, worms have no respiratory organs yet. They breathe using the surface of their body.
For the first time the respiratory organs appeared The marine inhabitants in the form of anger -shaped halves.
In terrestrial arthropods A “hole” appears in the body with trachea and leaf -shaped lungs.
At water chords Respiratory functioning occurs along with the work of the intestine and both systems are closely connected. For example, in a lanceolet a pharyngeal wall (intestinal department) has gill clicks.
At the ground chords The gills appear in the embryonic period, and then disappear. After the birth, the respiratory function in them is performed with light, which develop from the protruding intestine.
In fish Air bubble also participates in the respiratory function.
Light animals and humans There were also many stages of evolution and this led to the formation of the bronchi and bronchiol. At first, the lungs appeared in amphibians and they were hollow bags. The skin is also involved in breathing.
The reptiles The organs were first simple organs, and then the system became more complicated and cells formed with bronchi.
At the birds At first there were spongy formations, then the branches of the bronchi appeared.
In mammals Not only light, but also airways developed. There was a diaphragm, bronchi, alveoli, laryngeal cartilage. All this provides effective gas exchange.
The evolution of the respiratory system Depends on the growth or reduction of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air. The high content of oxygen molecules and the reduction of carbon dioxide in the air made pulmonary breathing more effective. Therefore, vertebrates successfully conquered the earth's land.
Topic: “Human breathing system of the respiratory tract” and the exam: what the graduate needs to know?
Human respiratory system
The exam is not far off. This means that it is time to refresh your knowledge and get acquainted with new useful information. The question that faces every student in preparation for the exam: what a graduate needs to know on the topic "Human respiratory system, respiratory tract"?
So, what is a person’s respiratory system and the respiratory tract, what a graduate needs to know? Here's the answer:
Respiratory system (System Resperatorium) It is a set of organs that solve the task of gas exchange in the human body.
In addition, this system is involved in the following processes:
Heat exchange
Smell
The formation of voice sounds
Metabolism
The respiratory systems of the respiratory tract consists. The upper and lower respiratory tract is distinguished, as well as the lungs - this is the organ in which gas exchange occurs.
The respiratory tract is paths that ensure free air to the light and vice versa.
As it passes through the respiratory tract, the air is warmed up, cleaned and moistened, and gas exchange directly occurs in the lungs.
The upper respiratory tract includes:
The nasal cavity
The nasopharyngeal department
The oropharyngeal department
This also partially includes the mouth, as it is often involved in the process of breathing.
As part of the lower respiratory tract, they highlight:
Gortnaya department
Trachea
Bronchial paths
The conditional transition of the upper respiratory tract to the lower is located in the throat, at the intersection of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
The nasal cavity Binds the human respiratory system and the external environment. Read more:
The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two parts.
In front, the nasal cavity is in contact with the environment through the nostrils, from the back - draws inhaled air further into the throat.
In the nasal cavity, moisturizing, heating and purification of inhaled air occurs.
This process is carried out thanks to small villi lining the nasal passages and mucus that prevents the spread of pathogens and microbes.
Rot cavity It can be called a secondary respiratory hole. Read more:
She draws air from the environment into the body.
This happens if the nasal cavity for some reason cannot cope with this task (for example, with a runny nose).
Unfortunately, the air entering this way is not cleaned and does not have time to properly heat up. Therefore, it is nasal breathing that is more physiological.
From the nasal (or oral) cavity of the air molecules fall into the pharyngeal department. Its nasopharynx and oropharynx are distinguished in its composition. In the pharyngeal department, air is also carried out to a temperature comfortable for breathing. The respiratory and digestive systems intersect here, and the border lies that divides the breath paths into upper and lower:
The lower ways of breathing begin with a laryngeal department.
It is located between the spine of the tongue and the trachea.
In structure, it is the upper part of the respiratory tube, consisting of cartilaginous rings.
It is in the laryngeal section that the voice apparatus of a person is located, including vocal cords, muscle tissue and a vocal gap, protected by an endgoretist.
The next stop is the trachea. Its length is on average 11-13 cm.
From the inside, the trachea is lined with a ciliated epithelium that performs additional filtration of incoming air.
The trachea begins immediately at the lower end of the larynx, and ends in the chest cavity, where it is divided into two main bronchi, right and left.
These are the main bronchial tubes, which, when entering the pulmonary cavity, are divided into smaller ones.
Lungs - The paired organ of the respiratory system. Read more:
The receipt of air in them and its excretion is carried out thanks to active respiratory movements of the chest wall and diaphragm.
The main bronchi, entering the lungs, branch and form a bronchial tree.
Each lung consists of shares, including one bronchial branch.
In the composition of the right lung, three shares and three branches are distinguished, and the left consists of only two shares and includes two bronchial branches.
With each branching, the lumen of bronchial branches is reduced until the appearance of the smallest units - bronchioles.
Then, through bronchioles, the air enters alveolar passages and ends its path in the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory System test: go online
Human respiratory system test
If you are preparing for exams, you can go through a test online on the topic "Respiratory system". This will help to test your knowledge. Also, such a test is useful to enter medical universities or for colleges and medical universities who will soon have to take the session.
Human respiratory system test
You can go through the test on the official website Yandex "Tutor" at this link. Select item "Biology" And proceed to the passage of all stages. At the end of the test, you will learn your results and you will know what topic you need to tighten in knowledge.
Video: Building of the respiratory system. Biology video tutorial 8th grade
