Revolution of 1917 - February and October: reasons, move, results

The 1917 revolution was unusually saturated with the events, which will be discussed in the article.

Content

The events that took place in Russia during 1917 were of great importance for the whole world and influenced the history of almost all states.

Reasons and stages of the revolution 1917

Revolution (02.23.1917-06.01.1918) took place in 2 stages:

February, during which the overthrow of the monarchy occurred, and the authorities passed to the Provisional Government.
Oktyabrskaya, when the Bolsheviks, together with their allies, the Provisional Government was overthrown and proclaimed the power of the Soviets.

The impetus for the beginning of the described events was the revolution of February 1905. The main revolutionary actions unfolded in the Russian capital - Petrograd.

The main reason for the uprising It was indifferent to the tops of Russian society to the needs of the lower layers, as well as in the inconsistency of the highest authorities in their events and their inability to take decisive measures.

The revolutionary actions of the described period were caused by a number of social, political and economic processes that lasted more than one decade in the country:

In July 1914 The I World War began, a formal pretext of which was the attempt by a Serbian student on the Austrian ex-Highway. This war became the most large -scale in history. Military needs demanded great efforts from the country. Prices rose several times. Because of this, interruptions with food supply began in Russian cities. Due to hyperinflation, some manufacturers began to hold bread in the hope of raising prices. In some regions of Russia, hunger began.
There was no one to work on Earth and in factories, since most of the working men were mobilized. For the first time, about 15 million people were called to weapons. The war claimed, according to various estimates, about a million lives of the inhabitants of Russia. The failures of the Russian troops gave rise to beliefs in society that Tsar Nicholas II is not able to rule the country.
Discontent grew in the troops. The situation of Russian soldiers at that time was humiliating. In 1915, Batoga Batoga and the death penalty were restored in the army. Sailors and soldiers prohibited the appearance in many public places. A large number of mobilized workers who previously participating in revolutionary events were serving in the army. They conducted propaganda aimed at overthrowing power. Many officers loyal to the tsarist government died in military battles. And they were replaced by conscripts, dissatisfied with the authorities.
Slogans spread in the peasant massesthat the Earth should belong to those who work on it. The riots of peasants often rise in the country.

Workers of enterprises Due to the overpopulation of cities, in most cases in most crowded rooms, in antisanitarian conditions lived. At the same time, due to the needs of the war, the working day was increased, and wages were reduced.

Important: in society, distrust of the monarch grew due to the influence that Grigory Rasputin On the Empress and on Nicholas II himself. In addition, the tsar’s wife, because of her origin, was accused of espionage.

By January 1917, the situation in the Russian Empire was extremely inflated.

February Revolution of 1917: Main events

During the war, the liberal political parties in Russia launched a public movement aimed at helping the state to ensure the army. In 1915, the opposition forces of the State Duma demanded the creation of a government that would be appointed a Duma and would report to it. The king categorically rejected this requirement, since it meant the actual cancellation of autocratic power.

Important: by the end of 1916, almost all Russian political groups opposed royal politics. The State Duma became actually an opposition emperor. Even the Grand Dukes did not support Nicholas II and convinced him of the need to establish a constitutional monarchy.

Researchers note that the tsarist government was fully aware of the possibility of an uprising. In early 1917, measures were taken to suppress a possible revolution. However, the authorities mistakenly relied on the training forces, and also did not provide for the likelihood of rebellion in the spare Petrograd battalions. In addition, revolutionary sentiments among sailors in Kronstadt were ignored.

Another erroneous solution was the placement of spare battalions in Petrograd. Only police officers remained loyal to the autocratic power at that time.

February events of 1917 were unfolding as follows:

At the beginning of the year, mass strikes and strikes of workers began in Petrograd. People demanded the end of the war from the authorities. Also, soldiers and sailors began to rebel. The military leaders in their reports indicated that in the case of riots it would be impossible to count on the support of the troops.

In February, the government was forced to introduce cards for bread. This decision caused panic among the population, pogroms of shops selling bread began.
On February 22, the Putilov plant was closed by the authorities. The reason was the strike that workers tried to raise, thereby violating the ban on military state enterprises. More than 30 thousand people were left without work.
The next day, women - workers of the Neva thread manufactory with the demands to return men from the front and stop the food interruptions and stop food interruptions. According to some historians, this demonstration arose spontaneously, without prior preparation.
Women were joined by dismissed workers - Putilovites. Claces with the police began. The striking forced other factories to join the rebellion. In the process of “removing” other enterprises, the number of rebels by the end of February reached more than 240 thousand by the police to stop the crowds. On the streets of the city, barricades began to be built.
Nicholas II, Being the supreme commander in chief, he left the capital to Mogilev to the headquarters. The safety of Petrograd was entrusted to people incompetent, who could not provide a reliable rear to the king.

On February 26, the tsarist government announced a siege position in Petrograd. But it was not possible to introduce him, leaflets with this message were immediately broken by striking.
Military spare battalions and training teams joined the rebels. The rebellion covered the entire garrison of the capital. Some soldiers joined the rebels, others scattered. The beatings of the police began, shootings were in the city.
Political radical forces connected to the events: Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, anarchists. The Petrograd Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies was organized - the Petrosopher, who claimed power in the country. Its nucleus were the Mensheviks.
The rebellion is thrown into the vicinity of Petrograd. Other military units join the uprising.
On February 27, a decree of the king on the dissolution of the State Duma. General Ivanov N.I. was sent to the capital In order to suppress the flared uprising. This mission failed. The State Duma actually did not bloom. Its members continued to work, gathering at "private meetings."
The members of the State Duma took on the members of the State Duma by surprise. They did not confront spontaneous uprisings, as they could not rely on the army. In addition, some Duma considered the incident a convenient opportunity to remove the emperor from power. At the same time, they were afraid that the army loyal to the tsarist power would arrive in the capital to suppress the revolution. Therefore, the Duma created the “Provisional Committee” to restore order.
On March 1, the emperor is trying to drive to Tsarskoye Selo. However, he could not do this, and he arrives in Pskov.
The next day, the chairman of the State Duma Rodzianko M.V. He announces by telephone that the Romanov dynasty will be preserved subject to the transfer of power to the Crown Tsarevich Alexei at the regency of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II. All front commanders, except Admiral Kolchak A.V. Confirmed the desirability of such a renunciation. Due to the fact that the Tsarevich was inconspicuously ill, Nikolai decided to renounce the throne for himself and his son in favor of his brother.
March, 3rd Mikhail also renounced from the throne, agreeing to the creation of the Provisional Government and the formation of the Constituent Assembly. The composition of the Provisional Government was formed from the members of the State Duma.
9th of March The king arrived in Tsarskoye Selo, where he was imprisoned.

The new government of Russia is recognized by other countries.
In the spring, state symbolism changes: symbols of the monarchy are removed from the coat of arms. All governors were resigned by the new authorities.

Provisional Government: The result of the February Revolution 1917

The Provisional Government did not finally solve whether Russia would remain a monarchical country or would be a republic. This issue was postponed before the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.

The February Revolution was not able to resolve all the contradictions accumulated over many years in Russian society. There are also new problems:

In early March, the Petro -Council publishes order No. 1, canceling the unity of unity of unity of command. He only touched the Petrograd garrison. But in a few days this document spread on all fronts and sea fleets. The current Russian army begins the decomposition process. Democratization led the army to anarchy. The soldiers refused to go into battle and arranged courts over officers. The Provisional Government, together with the Petrosovet, was unable to eliminate the consequences.

Chaos increased. The prisoners were released from prisons. And not only political, but also criminals. The robberies began, in which uncontrolled soldiers and sailors often took part.
The police were dissolved. Instead, a new organ was formed - the “People’s Police”. All former criminals were recruited to its composition.
The peasants massively seized the lands belonging to the landowners and communities. The Provisional Government was not able to stop this process. The soldiers, most of whom were peasants, were massively deserted from the troops to catch the division of the Earth.
The food problem in the country also took place. The government was forced to go to the unpopular measure, which began under the emperor - surpasses. The peasants with the landowners reacted to this decision extremely hostile and exerted hard resistance.
At the beginning of spring were introduced bread cards, And by the fall, the norm of bread per person is halved.
At the fronts due to the collapse of the supply system, hunger began.
A deep crisis also occurred in industry. Workers did not comply with production discipline. They literally terrorized managerial staff, and he could not control them. Due to the fall in production, many factories and factories closed by the summer.
Everywhere workers, soldiers, postal employees demanded an increase in salaries by 3-6 times. The Provisional Government was forced to subsidize some enterprises and institutions.

The receipt of taxes has catastrophically decreased, public debt has grown extremely.
Hyperinflation progressed, the country's economy was rapidly falling.

All these events were aggravated by the military failures of the Russian army: in August the Germans occupied Riga, and Finland, demanding independence, promoted their army in Karelia. Petrograd was actually under the threat of enemy invasion.

The situation in the country after the February Revolution 1917

After the February events in Russia, a difficult period began, characterized by the confrontation of various political movements:

Monarchical political forces were defeated. Power passed to liberals and socialists. Gradually, they were replaced by the Bolsheviks, who differed from other parties with a tough centralized organization. The Bolshevik party relied on the working class, which, despite the small number regarding the peasantry, was distinguished by discipline and organization.
In the described period, an active, and even spontaneous formation of the Soviets of peasant, workers, and soldiers' deputies occurs. In March, there were about 600 similar formations, at the head of which the Petrograd Council of Workers and Soldiers' Deputies stood. Also in different industries, trade unions were massively formed.
A certain chaos reigned in the system of formed Soviets. Congresses of peasant or workers' deputies were carried out separately from each other. During this period, there were many different associations: the advice of elders, the advice of landless peasants, the councils of the labor intelligentsia, etc. They were united by the absence in their own composition of the property classes, of which the majority of members of the State Duma consisted of.

Doubleness reigned in the country. The ministry created by the Provisional Government and the Soviets often duplicated each other. At the same time, the government relied on the leading composition of the naval forces and the city thoughts, and the Petro-Council-on sailors, soldiers and local councils. In fact, the Petros council acted as a shadow government.
This body created a contact commission, the purpose of which was to control the activities of the Provisional Government. The leaders of the Petro -Soviet stated that the Provisional Government exists only with their permission.
In June, military minister Kerensky A.F. He tried to organize the offensive of Russian troops at the front. The failure of this operation was even more discredited by the current government.
They returned from links Trotsky L.D. and Lenin V.I., Which united in the block due to the similarity of their political programs. In June, the I All -Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers' Deputies was convened.
In July, the first armed demonstration of radicals took place, which included anarchists with the Bolsheviks. This performance was suppressed. Lenin fled to Finland with other leaders.
In August, Emperor Nicholas II was transported to Tobolsk, to exile.
The power of the new government of Russia for a while intensified. He was headed by Kerensky. He called "Moscow State Meeting", on which the requirements sounded to strengthen discipline in the troops, to ban rallies in the army and dissolve the soldiers' councils. The Bolsheviks this meeting was declared counter -revolutionary. In large cities, protests were held.

In the fall, the Provisional Government The pre -Parliament is convened in order to strengthen its political position. But the Bolsheviks created by the authorities will boycott and refuse to work in it.
Without waiting for the convening of the Constituent Assembly, which is planned on November 12, the Provisional Government declares Russia a republic.

The October Revolution of 1917: The course of events

While in Finland, Lenin repeatedly in his letters pointed out to his comrades -in -arms of the need to start an uprising against the Provisional Government.

In the fall of 1917, the Bolsheviks unfolded active activity:

On October 10, it was decided to start the uprising. In order to manage this process, the following structures have been created: the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrosovet (VRK), the Military Revolutionary Center (WRC), and the political bureau. The pretext for their formation was the defense of Petrograd.
Lenin illegally returned to the country, who began to lead revolutionary events.

On October 16, the Red Guards were given rifles.
The Provisional Government was aware of the upcoming uprising, as rumors about it were distributed throughout the city. Government members were indecisive, realizing that they could not count on the help of the military.
The political forces of Petrograd took different positions. The Bolsheviks carried out active campaigning among soldiers and sailors. Many military units crossed their side, including the Cossacks and crew of the Aurora cruiser.
The parliament, trying to somehow influence the situation, urged the government to transfer the land to the peasants on October 24 and begin peace negotiations. This resolution was rejected.
The Provisional Government took warning measures: security at the Winter Palace was put up, a connection with the Smolny Institute in which the RVC was located was disconnected, the Bolshevik newspapers were closed, and Neva bridges were divorced.
The Bolshevik strike was carried out at strategic city points. In the evening October 24 The rebels were captured by telegraph, telephone stations and other institutions.
The government turned to the Cossack troops for support. But they refused to act as targets. Kerensky was forced to leave Petrograd.
In the morning October 25 (November 7 to the village) The Bolsheviks were reduced by river bridges. The guards - Izmailovites, caused in the summer to suppress the uprising, went over to the side of the rebels. Earlier, newspapers began to work.
Under the control of VRK were a state bank, a power station, and a station. The cruiser "Aurora" entered the Nevsky fairway. To Petrograd began the movement of the flotilla from several ships.
October 25 late in the evening of idle aurora volley became a signal to the assault on the Winter Palacein which a meeting of the Provisional Government was held. Its members were arrested the next day.

Lenin announced the transition of the authorities to the VPR and thereby put the II Congress of Soviets before the fact. The work of the congress was boycotted by moderate socialists, the October Revolution was not recognized by them.
On October 27, the “counter -revolutionary” publications were banned by the publication decree. This caused a storm of indignation, both among other political parties and among the Bolsheviks themselves. In November, revolutionaries introduced a monopoly on ads in newspapers. Thus, the Opposition by the Bolshevik party was undermined by the printed publications.
During the fighting, the power in Moscow also passes into the hands of the Bolsheviks.

Events after the October Revolution 1917

Having seized power in the capital, the Bolshevik forces began a similar seizure in other cities:

With the participation of the Red Guard, the rebels re -elected or dissolved local councils if most of the votes belonged to other political forces.
New power organs were formed - VChK, All -Russian Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars. The national police were dismissed, the “working police” replaced her. The courts became "folk".
In November-December, the formation of “military communism” began, which was based on nationalization and state-owned economy.
The Bolsheviks proclaimed legal and national equality in the country.
The new government was not recognized by many civil servants of various ministries. They boycotted their work. Instead, new workers from among sailors and soldiers were typed. Within two months, the Bolsheviks resumed control over institutions.
Thanks to the decree of the land, the peasant seizure of land became actually legal. Many peasants ceased revolutionary activities, plunging into the land redistribution.
In January, the Bolsheviks and Left Socialist -Revolutionaries dispersed the Constituent Assembly. In the same month, the church was separated from the authorities with the corresponding decree.
Everywhere in factories and factories, a “working control” was created, which intervened directly in finance and production technology. At the same time, working discipline has significantly decreased, production processes suffered due to the incompetence of workers. Enterprises whose owners did not allow working control were often subject to nationalization.
In July 1918, the Bolsheviks shot the king and his family members.

By the summer of 1918, the final formation of the new state system takes place and the Constitution of the RSFSR is adopted.
The power of the Bolsheviks by other states was not recognized. By the end of 1918, the country was in almost complete diplomatic isolation.
In the spring of 1918, the "food dictatorship" was introduced and the formation of "prodigals" began. Relations between the city and the village were heated up and often grew into armed clashes.

Important: Prisoner on March 3, 1918 by the Bolsheviks Brest worldAccording to which Russia has lost a large number of its territories, does not add the popularity of the new government. On the outskirts of the country, anti -Soviet movement is actively formed. In Russia, a civil war begins.

The Russian Revolution of 1917, especially its October events, had a powerful resonance around the world, significantly changing the system of its device. Since that time, world society has become divided into capitalist and socialist camps. This revolution gave rise to other ways of historical development of states, contributing to social transformations around the world.

The Russian revolution has implemented the need for society to take the path of serious changes to meet the needs of that time.

It is thanks to the policy of Soviet Russia that other countries took the path of social security of their population. Unfortunately, many of them succeeded in this area much more than the country itself, which has been revolutionary in the name of equality and prosperity of workers.