Reforms of Peter I: conditions of reforms, the main reasons for the reforms, goals and varieties, conducting social, military reform, state, administrative, financial and economic reform, church, and cultural reform. The consequences of Peter I reforms

Peter I was a great reformer. Let's learn more about his reforms.

Content

Reforms that were invented thanks to Peter I are considered important and key activity. This activity was aimed at making the social and political life of every Russian person to change. Pyotr Alekseevich claimed that Russia began to lag behind its own development quite strongly, if we compare it with Western states.

The confidence of Peter I was able to eat when he spent the embassy. The king, trying to transform the state, changed almost every aspect of the life of Russian people and countries that have been complicated for hundreds of years.

Conditions for reform under Peter I

Having received real power, Peter I immediately began to rule the state. There are several main reasons why the king did this:

He received a country in his hands, which lagged enough behind the development of European states.
Peter I understood that the resulting large territories, which were also poorly mastered, demand constant protection. It is also necessary to make new political and economic changes.

In order for the army to be provided with everything necessary, Peter I decided to raise the standard of living of people, change the foundations, strengthen power. This is considered the most basic and important tasks that the king wanted to solve with the help of reforms.

Not everyone liked new changes. Many people showed all kinds of resistance to the tsar's reforms. Boyars and other people with high statuses did not want to abandon old traditions. However, due to the fact that they had no support from the outside, they could not suspend changes. People with status only slowed them down for a while.

The main reasons for the reforms of Peter I, goals and varieties

The changes, first of all, should have helped that the gap that arose between Russia and European states was reduced. The main goal of the changes was to modernize the state, preserving the serfdom. We briefly described the internal orders of the king’s policy in the material a little lower.

Reasons why Peter I decided to carry out reforms, such:

The king, when the Azov campaigns ended and the great embassy decided that his country was very poor.
Peter I dreamed in order to expand the boundaries of his own state, create a powerful fleet, control the Baltic. In order to fulfill his own desires, he needs financial and administrative resources.
Peter I believed that he was simply obliged to somehow strengthen his own power. This desire was quite objective. The young sovereign was able to survive the regency of his own sister Sofia, he also survived the scandal with her.

The reasons that were purely personal and forced the young sovereign to proceed with the implementation of reform, coincided with the goals of Peter. This was the main component of the success of the king’s domestic policy.

Reforms were made in the following areas:

Tax
Army
Temporal
Cultural
Church
Social and others.

Conducting social reforms under Peter I

Due to the innovations, the position of 3 main Russian classes has changed greatly. This is the nobles, city residents, as well as rural residents.

Services and nobles, when reforms occurred, began to serve not in the local militias they recruited. They moved to regular shelves. The latter served from the same low ranks that were common among ordinary people.
The soldiers who belonged to Novoryansky began to serve as nobles. They also had the opportunity to serve to the highest ranks. The order of how it was necessary to undergo a service was determined, taking into account the reforms.
As a result, 14 titles were installed that extended to the civilian and army service.
In order to prepare for the service, the king forced the nobles to study literacy, geometry and numbers. That nobleman who could not pass the exams had no right to marry. He also deprived him of the opportunity to become an officer.

We note that the class of landowners, even after passing the reforms, had very important official advantages over ordinary people. The nobles who started military service were mainly not included in the most ordinary army regiments. They were among the privileged guards.

The main change concerned tax reform. This reform was carried out in the 18th century. Thanks to her, the former courtyard method of taxation of people has changed. As a result of this, a per capita was introduced.

Such reform played an important role in the social sphere. They charged a new one equally from the peasants and from the servants of slaves. This order of the sovereign helped the peasantry and the disenfranchised servile to come closer.

Thanks to the tsar's reforms, the city administration was supposed to establish, which complyed with European standards. At the end of the 17th century, Peter was able to provide people with the possibility of self -government. Burmisters who made up the Town Hall were chosen. Guilds arose, workshops in various types of classes.

Conducting military reform Peter I

Regular regiments have become even more significant. The militia of the nobles finally disappeared. The armies began to become constant. They have never bloomed now, even at the end of different military campaigns. Low ranks after that were not replenished with hired volunteers. Recruitment recruited according to the plan, which were called up from the taxable peoples, were involved. The soldiers were completely torn off from their relatives and their own classes.

Before Peter I entered the throne, the Cossacks were called the "free ally." The Cossacks served under contracts that were compiled temporarily. But after the Bulavinsky rebellion was pacified, the Cossacks were forced to supply the required number of troops.

Peter I created a large fleet. In the permanent shelves, by the end of the reign of the king, there were approximately 210,000 soldiers.

Conducting state and administrative reforms of Peter I

The Boyar Duma during the reign of Peter I lost its own influential meaning. The king tried to solve important things only with close people. As a rule, these were minor immigrants, foreigners. The system of old numerous orders also fell. The labial self -government, which was in cities, ceased its own existence.

An important reform of this area - the appointment of a new high body of the country - was a government Senate. Its members were appointed only the king, and did not have the right to sit in the Senate, having the birth of their own surnames. Initially, the Senate was a distribution body, did not have legislative functions. The chief prosecutor of the state, which was appointed Peter, watched how the Senate works. Many prosecutors were revised thanks to administrative authorities at each level.

Former orders that existed in the country soon were replaced by 12 colleges, taking into account the Swedish samples. Each collegium was responsible for its own area, for example, for marine or financial.

Thanks to the following reforms, Russia was able to divide, as a result of which the provinces formed. Over time, they began to crush on certain provinces, and they, in turn, consisted of counties. There were governors at the head of the provinces. The provinces were commanded by governors.

Conducting financial and economic reform Peter I

When there was a northern war where Peter I participated, indirect taxes regularly increased. A large number of new taxes were also introduced, “light” coins were released.

Due to these changes, the treasury began to quickly replenish. Peter 1 introduced a special financial position - profiter. People who received such a profession pointed out the king, what new possible financial sources can still be used.

When the power of Peter I ended, direct taxes were radically transformed. The previously existing subfoor submitted was removed. Instead of it, per capita taxes were added.

As in many European countries, Peter I tried to adhere to mercantilism. Using the principles of this direction, he tried with all his might in order to quickly develop industry, plants on the finances of the country were raised, private enterprises were built. At the end of the reign of the tsar, more than 200 plants were built in Russia.

As for foreign trade, thanks to the chosen policy, strict protectionism arose. Large duties were introduced for those goods that were imported. The use of the country's economy was widely used. Tsar Peter I tried to pave many channels, roads and other ways, thanks to which it was possible to mine minerals. Russia began to develop faster after the system of mining of minerals in the Urals was developed.

Conducting church reform Peter I

After the reform, an independent church previously became completely dependent on the country. When Patriarch Adrian died, the new one was not elected. As a result of this, the clergy of Russia did not have a patriarch until the age of 17 for the 20th century.

A similar state of affairs continued until the final reform was arranged, which concerned the Office of the Churches. According to this reform, the Patriarch's place was finally abolished and replaced by the “Theological Board” position. The clergy were now not elected members of such a collegium. Peter I gave the ranks, and therefore the church became completely dependent on the authorities.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the monastery order began to be governed by land church possessions. When synodal reform was carried out, the clergy was practically returned, however, since the latter was subordinate to the country, this return was not very significant. After that, the monasteries were under strict state control.

Conducting cultural reforms

When Peter 1 returned from the trip, he began to cut the beards that the boyars and the nobleman wore. He also forced them to wear foreign things, so that the highest class of the state would have European chic.

The king tried to spread important knowledge in the country, for example, technical directions. The reform ordered to teach foreign languages \u200b\u200bin educational institutions. Also, children had to study mathematics, marine business, as well as engineering. Scientific literature brought from Western countries was translated into Russian.

Peter 1 abandoned the outdated ancient Slavic letter. Instead, a “civilian alphabet” was introduced. During the reign of Peter, a public newspaper in Russian began to be produced - this was the publication of Moscow Vedomosti.

Peter also wanted the Academy of Sciences to open in Russia. But she could not exist for a long time, and therefore was very soon closed.

Also, thanks to Peter 1, customs of European countries were introduced into the country. The nobles began to arrange various tricks that had a secular character. There were still noisy holidays for the public in the manner of the West. Women could become more free than in those days when there was Moscow Russia.