The fitness of plants for pollination by the wind, water and insects: what is characterized? The essence of the adaptability of plants to pollination: message, description, examples. Conclusion on the fitness of plants to pollination: Description

What devices do plants have for pollination?

The material of the article will reveal the essence of the fitness of representatives of the flora to pollination: about different pollination mechanisms and how this process goes from those representatives of the flora, the reproduction of which depends on the presence of third -party factors - wind, water, insects?

Plants of plants to different methods of pollination: description, essence

• The formation of seed material and fruits in colors is possible only after pollination. This process occurs as follows: pollen enters the pestle stigma, and the sex cells of both maternal organisms merge.

After pollination, the subsidiary acquires the best parental properties, which makes the new generation more resilient. The essence of the pollination process in plants is as follows:

• The pollen grains of one organism are fixed on the surface of the pestle of another plant organism. The offspring when combining heterosexual cells is more vitality.
• Plants are most often located next to the stigmas, but in nature everything is arranged in such a way that self -pollination does not occur. But exceptions are possible.
• Unwanted pollination is “blocked” by various “devices” on plants.

Properties of plants that prevent self -pollination:

• On one organism or on different, flowers with stamens are located, on others - with pestles.
• The bodies participating in pollination do not ripen at the same time. This can be observed in the following representatives of the plant world - the bell, the sunflower in these plants, the ripening of anthers and their devastation occurs before the maturation of the stigma.
• Polokhay, kirkazon, plantain have other properties: their stigmas are ready for fertilization long before the maturation of anthers.

• In representatives of the plant world, the reproductive organs of which ripen at the same time, self-pollution is also prevented due to the lack of contact between them. Pollinating parts of a flowering plant can be of different lengths. There may be differences in their location. Parental organisms can be dioecious (flowers are divided into male and female), a stigma has the property of the immunity of their own pollen. For example, with meadow sage.
• Self-pollination does not occur in some representatives of the kingdom of plants due to the fact that the pollen material that has been fixed on the stigma does not sprout, for example, in plants such as rye and razhed.
• It limits the possibility of self -pollination and another property: the stigma simply dies if the pollen grains of its own flower are fixed on it. The fertilization process will remain incomplete. An example of such a radical device that prevents self -pollination is Brazilian orchids.

Cross pollination takes place with the direct participation of intermediaries. This mission is taken on insects, wind streams, rain drops, birds.

Between representatives of the flora and insect-pollinators, interaction occurs. Bees, bumblebees, butterflies fly to odorous flowers to enjoy a sweet nectar, no attention and pollen is left without their attention. Insects are extracted by nectar, touching the anthers or stigmas. The treat is in the immediate vicinity of the reproductive organs of the plant.

Planting plants occurs due to constant movements of insects from one flowering plant to another. Thus, on bees, OS, moths, hornets are assigned a special task - assistance in the reproduction of plants.

• Entomophilic (insect -infused) plants have special devices that facilitate their pollinators. Winged assistants easily find brightly colored flowers. Only petals, cups, cups can be bright. There are representatives of the flora with brightly colored cups and a whisk.
• They attract winged guests and bright stamens, like willow, as well as bracts. Even the leaves can be brightly painted, like an immortality or Edelide.
• Small flowers are collected in large inflorescences. This is one of the appliances for luring insects. Thanks to such groups of small colors, insects find a plant faster. These are chamomile, umbrella plants.

The petals of entomophilic plants have a bright and colorful color.

• Bright colors of petals are one of the devices that facilitates the insect search for the desired colors. The petals of flowers that pollinate only night butterflies have a white color. At night, butterflies distinguish only this flower, and therefore the necessary pollinators are lowered into the blossoming flowers.
• Flowers have devices for specific helping assistants. An easily accessible nectar of simple “correct” in the form of (actinomorphic) colors (elderberry, linden) can be for winged assistants with short proboscis (flies, bugs).
• Flowers unusual for us form (zygomorphic) “store” their nectar in tubes, spas. Pollination occurs after the insect with a long proboscis is sought on such a flower with a sweet treat. Among these insects are bees, bumblebees. There are also butterflies with long proboscis. In order for insects to notice the flowers they need from afar, the latter “took care of the presence” of special convenient “landing sites”, and dark spots, strokes, points, as if honey paths “lead” assistant pollinators directly to the nectar.
• Sage has a special adaptation for cross -pollination by insects. Two stamens and pestle are hidden under the helmet inside a two -lump flower. The function of the stamens in its lower part is hinge. Having penetrated into the flower, the bee hurts the stamens. As a result, anthers are lowered onto the back of the bee, and it is selected from the inside sprinkled with pollen.
• The insect does not touch the stigma, because it is located in the upper part under the helmet. The devastation of anthers from pollen grains triggers the following reaction: the stigma increases in size, drops down, where pollen from another flower, brought by bees, falls on it.
• An alternate trap has a shape that allows insects to climb into the flower easily. The pollinators are mosquitoes and midges for him, which cannot get out due to two rings of sharp bristles. These bristles are directed down to the exit. Insects are inside the flower until pollination is performed. After pollination, the bristles fall, and insects can get outward covered with pollen.

What are three plants of plants for pollination by insects: Explanation on the example of an apple tree

• Among the most common fruit crops that are used both in fresh and as components of various dishes, an apple tree can be distinguished. A tree can grow in various soil-climate conditions.
• Varieties for the apple garden are selected taking into account when the trees begin to bear fruit. The fruits of summer varieties can be collected in late July - first of August. Autumn varieties are fruitful in late August - early September. There are late -ripening and early winter varieties. The crop of such varieties has been harvested since mid -September.
• Apple trees belong to independent plants. In simple words, such trees do not have self -pollination. It is for this reason that a good crop is obtained provided that the pestle flowers of one plant with the pollen material of another are obtained.
• When laying an apple garden, it is better to be guided by a simple rule: trees need to be planted at a distance of no more than 50 meters from each other for mutual pollination. Other varieties of apple trees growing in the next site will serve a good service and increase the crop.
• But even if one apple tree grows in the garden, then the fruits will still be: flowers will attract bees, which in search of pollen overcome long distances and tolerate the pollen material of one plant to the stigma of another.
• The pollination problem is solved by the decorative apple tree of the columnar form, which acts as a pollinator.

What devices are characteristic of plants pollinated by the wind?

• Wind -dried plants grow in groups.
• At the same time, a large amount of pollen material ripens.
• Polts grains are dry, small.
• So that the leaves do not prevent the pollination process, flowers appear before foliage.
• Flowers of wind -pollinated plants do not have a characteristic aroma. They are small, nondescript.
• Flowers are collected in inflorescences.
• Long legs of anthers, like large with the edge of the stigm, hang from a flower cup.

Flowering to pollination with water: what is characterized?

• Swamp plants, which include many aquarium, are pollinated by insects or wind. Modest, pale inflorescences (rdest, urot, cubes) are located directly above the water.
• For plants pollinated by water, the absence of lure and attracting means is characteristic (the color is not bright, the shape is simple, the reproduction organs are reduced). Flowers are deprived of smell, since there is no need to attract insects.
• In plants such as a morned, overwood grains are poured right onto the surface of the water, from where they fall into the stigmas. Water for such plants is just a vehicle for pollen.

What devices provide cross -pollination in plants?

• The presence of anthers with pollen material.
• The presence of a pestle with a stigma at the flower.
• Cross pollination is provided by the factors of inanimate nature (wind, water) or living creatures (insects, mollusks, birds, people).
• Devices that prevent self -pollination to obtain a subsidiary with new properties.
• Flowers are divided into male and female.
• The plants are dioecious.
• Antheages and pestlers ripen at different times.
• The stigmas of the plants do not perceive their own pollen.

Conclusion on the fitness of plants to pollination: Description

• Fruits and seeds are formed as a result of pollination.
• Knowing the features of the pollination mechanism, adjustments can be made to this complex scheme.
• Cross pollination is considered the most progressive way in evolutionary terms.

Video: Cross pollination. What you need to know about cross -pollination