Global environmental problems: world environmental problem, environmental situation in the Russian Federation. How to solve global and local environmental problems?

The problem of environmental pollution is universal and very all -encompassing. Let's look at problems and find ways to solve them.

Content

Modern society, with its industrialization and large -scale development of industry, on the one hand, creates the most comfortable conditions for its existence, and on the other hand, it is so harmful to the environmental situation on the planet that this process takes a threatening scope.

Is it possible to prevent a general disaster that threatens all living things on Earth? What steps should be taken to preserve a living planet for our descendants? Which of the existing risks are the most dangerous? Let's try to find answers to these alarming questions.

World environmental threats

Each country develops according to its individual path, but there is a number environmental problems characteristic of the entire world community. Among them:

reducing the species diversity of flora and fauna
irreparable mineral production
deterioration of the state of the oceans
changing the composition of the atmosphere
the appearance of ozone holes
direct damage caused by the surfaces of the Earth (clogging, violent change in the landscape)

Unfortunately, this list can be continued for a very long time, but the situation worsens from day to day. So, according to the research of scientists from the United States, only about 900 thousand species of representatives of the animal and plant world have disappeared from the surface of the Earth in just the last two centuries. In the post -Soviet space, this indicator reaches 12%.

Nature carries such losses due to violations of the habitat of representatives of the flora and fauna (plowed steppes, cut down forests, drainage of rivers). At the moment, on the planet there are from 10 to 20 million species, but their number is constantly declining.

From human activities they suffer very much forests - And these are huge ecosystems in which many animals, plants and mushrooms coexist. Trees are ruthlessly used in industry, and decades are needed to replenish such losses.
Also tangible damage is caused acid precipitation, which are formed as a result of emissions at power plants (sulfur dioxide) and are carried by many kilometers around. Think about it: for 2 decades, almost 200 million hectares of forest have been lost, and it is not in vain called “planetary light”!

No less actively than the forest, humanity is also developing minerals - and there are fewer and fewer them. For example, half of the world -wide reserves of the “black gold of the Earth” - oil -They pumped out only for the past ten to fifteen years.
They are very popular deposits of shale, coal, peat - Their development flourishes, and nature simply does not have time to make up for the lost. Earth is a blue planet on which land occupies only a third of the surface. It is the world ocean and its inhabitants that produce up to 70 percent of oxygen and provide one sixth of the animal protein consumed.
Polluting water The scum of the chemical and military industry, we not only worsen the quality of the water, but also directly negatively affect the composition of air and seafood. Moreover, some synthetic substances can never decompose at all, that is, they will remain in the water forever.

No less (and possibly a greater!) Danger is air pollution, Since it is impossible to even calculate which territory the harmful ejection can spread to and how it will affect the environment.
The brightest example of such a threat is disaster on the Chernobyl nuclear power plantand, what happened on April 26, 1986, the consequences of which to one degree or another were felt on themselves all the inhabitants of the Earth.
Based on the results of the studies, scientists concluded that ozone holes They arise due to the operation of the missile engines of our spaceships, satellites and even aircraft. This problem is most significant over the polar regions-it was there that this phenomenon was first recorded back in 1982.

The human gaze cannot see an ozone hole, but our body, unfortunately, is very susceptible to violations of the ozone layer, which protects all living things on the planet from the slaughter dose of ultraviolet radiation of the sun.

The surface of the earth in its composition resembles a multilayer pie, at each level of which life is seething in its various manifestations. The most valuable type of soil - chernozem - provides humanity with food and is formed very slowly - up to one centimeter thick for a century. And an ownerless attitude to agricultural grounds leads to intensive imposition of the soil, which directly affects its fertility.

Environmental situation in the Russian Federation

The Basic Law of the Russian Federation - the Constitution - guarantees citizens the right to live in a favorable environment. The implementation of this norm is controlled by the Ministry of Nature, Rosprirodnadzor, the environmental prosecutor’s office, executive bodies in this area and so on.

Unfortunately, the right of nature to its purity is not recorded anywhere, and human society refers to it as a bottomless well, from which you can only draw infinitely, not giving anything in return. This attitude is fundamentally wrong, because in the end the person himself suffers from him.

Let's look at how complicated the environmental situation is in various aspects of our life.

Air

It contains a lot of poisonous substances (especially near megacities and industrial centers), among which: solid particles, sulfur dioxide, dioxide and nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide.

All this disgrace enters the atmosphere from exhaust gases of vehicles and from pipes of industrial enterprises.
In 2014, the state report “On the condition and environmental protection of the Russian Federation” was published, according to which the total volumes of harmful emissions were reduced by 4 million tons per year compared to 2007 and amounted to 31 million tons per year. At the same time, the quality of the air, unfortunately, has not particularly improved.
According to the results of research, the residents of Birobidzhan, Blagoveshchensk, Bratsk, Dzerzhinsk, Yekaterinburg, and the most “clean” are the most “pure” - citizens from Salekhard, Volgograd, Orenburg, Krasnodar, Bryansk, Belgorod, Kyzyla, Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Kazan.

Water

It is worth noting that neither ground nor underground reservoirs did not avoid pollution.

So, in the waters of the Volga, the permitted indicators of such chemical elements as copper, iron, phenol, sulfates, as well as organic substances are significantly exceeded.
This happened due to the huge number of effluents that fall into the river from both industrial facilities and from residential city quarters, which are either not cleaned or filtered too weakly.

In addition, the construction of a number of hydroelectric power plants on the Volga caused significant damage to river animals - it is now difficult to meet large fish of a valuable breed. The point launches of the fry have not yet been able to really improve the situation.

Animal and plant world

Damage is caused by whole ecosystems - this applies to forests, pastures, ponds, steppes. For example, Russia's forests make up one fourth from the World Forest - and we must make every effort to protect them from illegal, irresponsible deforestation, from large -scale forest fires.

Indeed, for decades, they go to the restoration of trees, and they are destroyed literally in the clock.
The state spends huge amounts on the fight against forest fires: for example, in 2015, more than one and a half billion rubles were allocated for this item, and it is impossible to evaluate ruined natural resources.
Most blazed in Transbaikalia, Khabarovsk and Primorsk, while not a single fire in Tatarstan and Chuvashia was recorded during the same period.

Earth

Land resources are not endless - any, even the richest deposits of minerals, sooner or later will come to an end.

People should learn to use what is extracted from the Earth, as well as establish effective recycling recycledarity (this, by the way, will also be one of the methods of combating clogging).
Russian chernozems are very suffered from ill -conceived management: the active cultivation of the soil leads to erosion and exhaustion.
According to studies, at the beginning of 2014, about 9 million g of agricultural lands were already subject to degeneration, of which more than 2 million g were completely degraded.

How can I correct the situation with an environmental problem?

There are a great many talk about who and how should save the world from the global environmental disaster. However, this process is so multicomponent that it is simply impossible to come up with a single recipe. In a generalized form, a comprehensive solution to the problem should be competent disposal of garbage, environmental production, transition to pure fuel and natural sources of energy (sun, wind, water, earth).

The general urbanization and the technogenic path of development of civilization is the main risks for the biogeocenosis of nature, and, unfortunately, it is still impossible to make them completely harmless to the environment.
After all, any enterprise pollutes nature (emissions into the atmosphere or water bodies, waste and so on) as a large city (which, ideally, for eco-safety, should be a kind of reserve, during the construction of which exclusively natural materials would be used).
According to researchers, it is easier to create such conditions for people so that they settle in unoccupied territories, pointarily unloading places of increased populism (and therefore pollution).
The governments of many countries are seriously concerned about the problem of global clogging and the consequences of an ill -conceived waste disposal system, so every year more and more programs are launched that stimulate citizens to get rid of garbage correctly. For example, getting a discount when buying a new car or household appliances instead of outdated, separate collection of garbage, payment of funds for the delivery of used batteries and so on.

In addition, conscious agricultural producers begin to transfer their farms into energy -saving and restoring technologies (the so -called No Till), in which the land plowing is not fulfilled, and the marginal residues remain in the fields as fertilizers.
The farmer from Austria Zepp Kholtser, who does not make pesticides and herbicides, did not carry out watering or reclamation, allowing the nature to take care of the harvest, to take care of the crop into his 45 g. And his calculations are true!
Thanks to the creation of the conditions closest to the natural, the farmer-innovator, together with the spouse and one employee, manage to get excellent results using one tractor, growing even the culture unique to their region.
At the same time, it carries minimum costs, since it practically does not consume energy for growing the crop, and they produce electricity at their own power plant.
It is worth noting that the glory of the farm of Zepp Holzer scattered throughout the country and even beyond, and from those who want to purchase environmentally friendly products (vegetables, fruits, meat and fish) a huge queue is built.
In addition to economic benefits, Holzer is of great benefit to the environment, engaged in permanent culture of management, in which the purity of air and territory, soil fertility and the species diversity of flora and fauna are maintained.

In general, each of us should start with ourselves in order to change the world for the better: use a bicycle instead of a car, sort household waste and correctly dispose of them, moderate our consumer demand to really necessary, abandon cellophane in favor of eco-sucks, teach children careful attitude to nature.

If you want to act more productively, you can become a member of one of the eco -defense organizations, for example, Greenpeace, the Wildlife Foundation, the Green Patrol, the All -Russian Society for the Conservation of Nature, and so on.