What is hypertension? Causes, symptoms and treatment of arterial hypertension. Drugs, drugs and vitamins for hypertension

Hypertension has already become an epidemic. The article describes the causes of hypertension, its symptoms, methods and means of treatment.

In Russia, about 465,000 people die from hypertension annually. And this is not only elderly old people at the age of 70 years.

Even adolescents should now measure blood pressure (blood pressure) at least 2 times a year.

The main reason for hypertension is the lifestyle.

The causes of hypertension

The causes of hypertension are quite diverse, but even in textbooks they write that the exact cause can be determined only in 10-20%. In other cases, they talk about "essential hypertension." More precisely, about hypertension, the cause of which is unknown.

The main reason for the development of hypertension is the narrowing of the lumen of small vessels and nervous overstrain.

As a result, blood flow is difficult, and blood pressure on the walls of blood vessels grows. The heart has to work with an effort to push a certain volume of blood through narrowed gaps. This entails an increase in pressure.

Causes of narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels and enhanced heart function:

• problems with vessels, violation of elasticity, blockage, atherosclerosis (blockage of blood vessels with cholesterol plaques), age -related changes
• kidney diseases: pyelonephritis, urolithiasis
• hormonal malfunctions: Women's use of contraceptives, menopause, diseases of the endocrine system, thyroid gland
• heart disease
• inflammation, brain injuries, spinal cord
• viral infections: meningitis, sinusitis, frontal, etc. can increase blood pressure
• diabetes
• the tumor of the adrenal glands, the pituitary gland - is very rare
• taking some drugs - cyclosporin, glucocerdicoids, erythropoetin beta, NSAID, amphitamins
• poisoning with mercury, cadmium, lead. Can be observed in those who are very sensitive to poisonous substances or harmful production workers
• night apnea
• aortic narrowing - Coarctation

But the vast majority of the causes of hypertension are the wrong lifestyle, nutrition:

• overweight
• stress in which an active emission of adrenaline occurs
• excessive salt consumption that delays water, making the kidney operation, causing swelling
• a sedentary lifestyle in which the movement of blood flow is difficult. As a result, the resistance of the peripheral vessels increases, and the pressure rises
• passionate habits - alcohol, smoking
• the intake of a large amount of food before going to bed, which does not have time to digest and presses at the diaphragm, causing an increase in pressure

• night lifestyle-at 3 a.m., the production of hormones is launched, which regulate cardiovascular activity, as well as an endocrine system. If a person is awake, then an insufficient number of such hormones is produced. With regular nightly wakefulness, internal stress occurs, an increase in sugar and pressure
• lack of water in the body
• constant use of excess coffee
• a constant rush in conjunction with workaholism and inability/unwillingness to relax. Even a small rush, for example, in solving an arithmetic problem, entails a short -term increase in blood pressure. A constant rush leads to hypertension
• the abundance of negative information, due to which the nervous system is overstrain. Stress hormones that are thrown out of blood increase pressure
• long nervous tension, depression
• magnesium deficiency in the blood

Degree of hypertension

There are 3 degrees:

1. The first is a mild degree. Systolic pressure at the same time-140-159 mm Hg, and diastolic-90-99 mm Hg It is characterized not by a stable level of pressure: it increases, but after a while without the use of medicines or other techniques (sports walking, yoga, swimming) returns to normal
2. The second is a moderate degree. Sistolic-160-179 mm Hg, diastolic-100-109 mm Hg It is characterized by a stable prolonged increase in pressure, normal indicators are rare. The level of "normal" pressure is shifted towards an increase and 120/80 mm Hg can already be considered "low"
3. The third is a severe degree. It is characterized by the fact that the pressure is stably high - more than 180/110 mm Hg, which is considered a pathological indicator. The probability of obtaining complications is the greatest

Why is hypertension dangerous?

Hypertension is dangerous with its influence on internal organs and blood vessels. A heart attack, stroke, heart failure in acute form, aorta aneurysm may occur, etc. These consequences are dangerous and fast fatal.

The effect of hypertension on blood vessels

Under the influence of increased pressure, the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels changes. The vessels themselves are deformed and damaged: expand, lengthen, become convincing, can bend, which further complicates the blood flow and increases pressure even more.

The effect of hypertension on nerve cells

Hypertension, even the first stage, entails circulatory disorders, cell changes

• Frequent headaches are provoked
• In the second, third stages, aneurysms appear in the vessels of the brain-small extensions that appear due to stretching, thinning of the walls of the vessels
• With a sharp increase in pressure - hypertensive crisis, aneurysms can break and provoke hemorrhage, edema. A scar is formed at the gap site, the lumen of the vessel narrows, the nutrition of brain cells worsens, sclerosis develops
• In the end, a stroke may occur

The effect of hypertension on the heart

Hypertension can cause:

• acute heart failure that entails insufficient blood supply to organs
• ischemic disease
• heart asthma, which is accompanied by a rapid heartbeat, lack of air, increased sweating, sometimes with a cough
• cardiogenic shock is an extreme degree of heart failure, while blood does not enter vital organs
• myocardial infarction

The effect of hypertension on the kidneys

With an increase in pressure in places where the blood flow is difficult, protective mechanisms expand the vessels. At the same time, the other organs enter the blood in smaller volumes, which causes their oxygen starvation. When this process applies to the kidneys, they develop substances that narrow the vessels. This provokes an increase in pressure even more. Ultimately, the kidneys may be completely refused.

The effect of hypertension on vision

Due to the fact that hypertension makes the circulatory system of the eye of a winding, and the walls of the vessels are thin, the eye does not receive nutrition in sufficient quantities. The visual nerve is deformed. The risk of hemorrhage inside the eye increases significantly. This can cause blindness if not treated in time.

The effect of hypertension on the reproductive system

In men, hypertension is fraught with impotence, since due to blockage of blood vessels, narrowing of their walls, blood does not suffer enough blood to ensure sexual function.

What symptoms occur with hypertension?

If the following symptoms are even periodically observed with you - this is an occasion to get a tonometer and regularly check your hell, there is a probability of hidden hypertension:

• Headache in the occipital, temporal and parietal areas. During loads, tilts, the pain intensifies
• Heartache. The nature of the pain can be different: aching, stitching, compressive. The pain can be long, or can be a short -term repeated
• Strong heartbeat (tachycardia)
• Chills
• Sweating
• Redness of the face
• Dizziness, feeling of pulsation
• Noise in ears
• Bleeding from the nose
• Sleep disturbances
• Internal stress, irritability
• "Flies" before my eyes, pressure on the eyes
• Reducing mental capabilities
• Fast fatiguability
• Swelling of the eyelids, faces, hands
• Numbness of the fingers

But hypertension can occur completely asymptomatic. Sometimes they learn about hypertension already in the morgue.

Measure at least sometimes your pressure, even if it is usually 120/80 mm Hg, especially if you feel bad.

First aid for hypertension

If a person has a pressure from the overvoltage of the mental or physiological and there is no hypertensive crisis, then it is enough to take measures:

1. to lie in bed, the head should be raised, this facilitates the outflow of blood from the brain
2. relax, turn off the phone, TV, darken the room
3. unjust cramped clothes
4. take a hot knife bath if the veins are not affected by varicose extension
5. drink sedative herbal fees, no-shpu
6. if it is very bad, drink a slight antihypertensive agent: captopril, corinfar, capotene in a small dose
7. if the condition is repeated, consult a doctor, undergo an examination

Hypertonic crisis characterizes the condition:

• sharp deterioration in well -being, dizziness
• strong and sharp headache in the back of the head, may be accompanied by pulsation in the temples
• visual impairment due to impaired blood flow in the retina, visual nerve
• nausea, vomiting
• irritation, emotional excitement
• redness of the skin of the face, mucous membranes
• compressive chest pain
• shortness of breath due to load on the heart
• convulsions are possible

In this case:

1. Call an ambulance, since a hypertensive crisis is fraught with consequences, and can last up to 3 or more hours
2. Perform paragraphs 1-4 in anticipation of the doctor's arrival
3. Give the patient antihypertensive drugs in a dosage of 1/4 of the tablet every half hour. This is necessary so as not to cause a sharp decrease in pressure, to prevent sudden narrowing of the vessels and circulatory disorders. You can use captopril, Corinfar, Kapoten. The pressure must be measured before each reception
4. It is not recommended to drink water, it can provoke vomiting, which will entail an increase in pressure
5. If there are no tablets, then take 2 tablets of no-shpa and sedatives: Valerian, Corvalol, Valocordin, motherwort
6. If bleeding begins, do not worry, this is good, intracranial pressure is reduced. Do not throw your head off, keep it even, put the cold on the nose, insert a swab in your nose

Drugs and drugs for hypertension

A method that would cure hypertension forever has not yet been invented. All existing methods, if this does not apply to other diseases, are aimed at maintaining pressure within the norm and preventing the raising of blood pressure to critical marks.

Medicines are used in the complex:

• diuretics - vasodilating and diuretics
• calcium antagonists - are prescribed to stabilize the heart rhythm for arrhythmia, angina pectoris, cerebral atherosclerosis
• angiotensin inhibitors - expand the cavity of blood vessels, arteries. Prevent vascular cramps, improve heart function
• angiotensin receptor blockers (sartans) - reduce blood pressure by 24 hours, are taken once in the morning or evening
• β (Betta) -Adren-blocking-normalize the heart rhythm, which accelerates with increased pressure
• α (alpha) -Adren-blocking-neatly and gently expand the peripheral vessels, arteries
• sedatives

In the treatment of hypertension and stabilization of the condition, leeches have proven themselves well, which also contribute to the renewal of the whole organism.

You can use folk remedies - herbs that have sedative properties:

• chamomile
• rose hip
• valerian
• motherwort
• peppermint
• hawthorn
• green tea
• melisa is medicinal
• honey
• citrus

One of the important elements of treatment is internal peace and lack of stress and overload. Mandatory walking in nature. Hypertonics should adhere to the correct route of the day and observe a diet - proper healthy diet.

Vitamins for hypertension

There is a technique where the treatment of hypertension is based on enhanced doses of vitamins:

1. Magnesium+vitamin B6.
   Magnesium It expands arteries, normalizes the work of the central nervous system, lowers blood cholesterol.
   Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis, normalizes cholesterol exchange
2. Taurin - an amino acid that normalizes the enhanced permeability of cell membranes, prevents the accelerated wear of cells
3. Fish fat - regulates the exchange vitamins, calcium and phosphorusContains paul -saturated fatty acids. Expands blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle, reduce blood clots

Also, the necessary vitamins are BUT, IN 1, IN 2, E, FROM, Pr, R.

• Vitamin A: increases useful cholesterol in the blood, helps strengthen blood vessels, heart, and retains vision
• Vitamin C: supports vascular elasticity, accompanies lipid metabolism, normalizes cholesterol, prevents atherosclerosis
• Vitamin B1, Tiamine: Normalizes carbohydrate metabolism, improves cardiac activity, stabilizes the nervous system. Used for spasms of peripheral vessels, dystrophy of the heart muscle
• Vitamin B2, Riboflavin: participates in the redox process, controls capillary blood circulation
• Vitamin B4, choline: reduces cholesterol, regulates the synthesis of nucleic acids, prevents atherosclerosis
• Vitamin PP, nicotinic acid: improves blood circulation, increases blood vessels tone, expands blood vessels that supply blood to the brain, accelerates blood flow
• Vitamin P, Rutin: strengthens the vessels, increases their fortress, elasticity, reduces the permeability of capillaries

In addition, it is necessary to maintain the level of potassium, phosphorus and calcium:

• Potassium: It has a slight diuretic effect, removes excess sodium, stabilizes the heart rhythm, prevents the development of myocardial infarction
• Phosphorus: Provides the normal functioning of the body. In conjunction with other elements, it breaks down fats, prevents atherosclerosis. Regulates the functioning of the muscle, nervous systems
• Calcium: Strengthens the walls of blood vessels, increases their elasticity, elasticity, fortress, prevents narrowing of blood vessels. According to the study, calcium is able to prevent hypertension in 75%

The reception of fat -soluble vitamins A, D and especially K should be limited.

Hypertension in old age

In people after 60 years, hypertension manifests itself and exacerbates, first of all, due to age-related changes in the vessels and heart.

• Increased pressure can cause diabetes, pyelonephritis
• In old age (older than 75 years), isolated systolic hypertension more often appears. At the same time, systolic pressure rises, and the diastolic remains normal. This condition requires the control of a cardiologist
• Also, the pressure often increases at the sight of the medical staff, it is a white robe hypertension. Moreover, in a home environment, a person does not exceed the norm. This condition requires control, but the risk of cardiovascular problems of such persons is low

In the treatment of hypertension of the elderly, doctors strive:

• stabilize pressure
• support the cardiovascular system
• reduce the risks of the development of heart attack, ischemia, heart failure
• prevent the appearance of chronic renal failure

The treatment of elderly patients begin with the correction of the nutrition: they limit the consumption of salt, reduce weight, if necessary. If the measures did not lead the pressure to normal, then mild antihypertensive drugs, such as diuretics are prescribed. Moreover, the dose should be 2 times less than for middle -aged patients, since the risk of complications increases significantly.

With the help of calcium antagonists, the development of strokes with isolated systolic hypertension is prevented. Beta-blockers and alpha-blockers are prescribed with caution, they can cause negative side effects in the elderly.

Hypertension in adolescents

The main causes of adolescent hypertension:

• long -term nervous overstrain in conjunction with low physical activity
• kidney diseases: impaired kidney development, renal vessels, autoimmune diseases, tumor
• coarctation of the aorta
• obstructive apnea syndrome, at risk, children with ENT problems, obesity, with a weakly exposed lower jaw
• bronchopulmonary dysplasia
• heredity

Treatment of adolescents from hypertension begins with the correction of lifestyle:

1. Reducing the amount of salt eaten. Smoked meats, any sausages, lard, salted fish, chips, salty crackers and nuts, marinades, fast food-are excluded from the diet
2. A set of loads is selected: physiotherapy exercises, walking, swimming. For children with obesity, a diet is selected
3. Exceptions of stress, we must try to avoid any conflicts at home, at school
4. Use herbal sedatives
5. Contact the psychotherapist if protracted alarming states are observed
6. Exceptions of smoking and alcohol consumption

If these methods have not helped, use drug treatment. As a rule, the selection of drugs for children begins with the use of one drug in a minimum possible dosage.
If it does not help, then increase the dosage, administer additional drugs. The drugs are the same as in adults.

Physical activity for hypertension

Types of physical exertion for hypertension are quite diverse:

• Swimming
• Yoga
• Walking. It is better to start with 2 km, and add 50 meters every 2 weeks and bring to 4-5 km per day
• Gymnastics in water
• Charging, medical exercises
• Dancing, best oriental, ballroom
• Classes on an exercise bike at a moderate pace

Such physical activity train and strengthen the muscles, stimulate blood circulation, promote weight loss, and provide a minimum load on the joints.

The intensity and load must be adjusted, based on well -being, the pulse frequency (from 220, deduct full years, no more) and the level of pressure.

Before classes, consult your doctor about the form, the intensity of physical exertion, and their combination with the use of drugs.

What is hypertension and how to deal with it: tips and reviews

• It is impossible to self -medicate hypertension, since the patient cannot take into account all the factors of the effect on his body used. In addition, dosage and combination should be selected individually. In addition, to determine the reason independently, without passing the tests, is very problematic
• The pressure must be measured regularly, even young, especially if there are excessive constant loads, since hypertension in the initial stage can still be cured
• For the prevention of hypertension, it is worth maintaining a healthy lifestyle, physical form and psychological balance

Valentine, 32 years:

After the wedding, he lived with his wife and mother -in -law. They are wonderful, they cook perfectly, but they are very transplanted, although I am quickly used to it. A year later, the pressure jumped to 160/90, the medicines helped little, they could not find the reason. After 2 years, fate brought together with a wonderful doctor who “put on a diet with minimal salt content” - standard 5 gr. A month later, the pressure stabilized at 125/80. Wife and mother-in-law needed about 4-5 months for such results.

Marina, 40 years old:

I felt good. True, sometimes the head was sick, often tired (but the work was intense), there were almost always “flies” in front of my eyes, but wrote off for strong myopia. The friend measured the pressure "for the company" - 150/95!

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