Biology - infusory of the shoe: features of the structure, movement and life, nutrition, features, reproduction: schemes and drawings

From the course of biology, each of us heard about the infusoria-tufelka. If you have slightly forgotten the characteristics of this unicellular, our material will help you restore knowledge gaps.

Content

Infusory-tufelka - The simplest living organism. It is considered the ancestor of the creation of living organisms with a more complex structure - consisting of many cells. The infusoria itself - primitive unicellular life form. Belongs to the alveolar group of organisms.

Due to its structure, reminiscent of the outlines of the plantar part of the shoes and the shape of the spindle - is called as a shoe. This microorganism from the class of cells of highly organized, does not lead a parasitic way of existence, compared with other types of this class.

Infusory-tufelka: inhabitation

The population of the ciliates is divorced in fresh water. The habitats of the infusoria-tufelki Small water bodies, water tanks with non -flowing water, aquariums can become. Any calm water source is suitable for her, in which there is the presence of a nutrient medium - the decomposition of organic substances: algae, organic organ residues of animal origin, silt deposits.
Infusory-tufelka So small microorganism - you can see it only with a microscope. For consideration - it is necessary to make a fence of muddy silt water.

Infusory shoe: structure

The simplest organism tufelki infusoria has another name - parameneration is caudly. Its size is from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The infusoria has a colorless color of the body consisting of the main organoids - internal Two nuclei.
Small core of ciliates-tufelki Maybe not one copy - plays the role of the animal responsible for sexual activity.
BUT big core - regulates the function of eating, the absorption of oxygen, metabolism and the system of movement. The outer edge of the surface is equipped with small cilia.
Ciloon processes perform a function infusory movements. Their number reaches - about 15 thousand. The ciliated leg has a basal body at its base, near is a parallel bag, which is swallowed by a membrane.

The outer part of the cell has a thin shell that performs the function of protecting and the preservation of the integrity of the shape. In addition to the above components, the infusoria contains: tanks of the alveoli, philopome, microtubules, fibrils.
The cytoskeleton allows the infusory to maintain the shape of the body in its original form.
The shoes have: a rotary hole, a sip, and a zone for breeding fragments of food processing - powder. Its contractile vacuoles have leading channels.

The movement of the infusoria shoes - how does a unicellular breathing breathe?

Infusory-tufelka It is in constant motion - moves in a sharp part back. It performs floating transitions at a speed of up to 3 mm per second - which significantly exceeds the body length of this simplest.
It is very rotten and can turn around its own axis.
Oxygen into the body of infusoria penetrates through a protective bodily shell. Then it is oxidized in the cytoplasm and converted into water or carbon dioxide.
This method of unicellular receives useful compounds for its life. And the decay products are extracted through the walls of the shell of the ciliates.

Nutrition of the infusoria shoes

The main nutrition of the infusory shoes are small bacteria and vegetation cells of the water world. The process of eating occurs using a special cellular opening - mouth.
Further, the food penetrates into the cell throat and enters the digestive vacuole. The further digestion process occurs under the influence of an acid and alkaline environment. As a result, the infusoria extracts beneficial substances from food and spreads them throughout the body using cytoplasm currents.

The waste formed after the processing of food enters the powder and then extracted out. Excess liquid substances are also excreted using contractile vacuoles.

Features of the infusoria shoes

Like any other living individual, capable of responding to the influence of external stimuli - infusory-tufelka It also shows special reactions. Its reaction is caused by any mechanical effects and chemical interventions, changes in the temperature and light regime, and humidity of the surrounding atmosphere.
In order to continue life, the shoe tries to pursue a colony of small bacteria. However, the harmful substances produced by these bacteria are forced to stay from them to the side.

The infusoria-tufelkiintolerance to salt water (it lives in fresh) - therefore, it strives to sail away from the source of irritation. Favorable for the infusory are moderate climatic conditions and light exposure.

Propagation of infusoria-tufelki

The propagation of these primitive unicellular ones occurs in two ways: as an ash method and sexual way.

The function of the small nucleus is observed in two development variants. Propagation in a stubborn way - It occurs by the method of dividing the shoe for a couple of identical individuals. The division begins with the fact that in one organism a pair of nuclei is formed, and then the mother cell is divided into two - forming two identical cells.
Subsequently, each of the subsidiaries acquires an individual part of the organoids of the ciliates. The missing parts of organisms are reborn again - this allows you to save the population.
To the sexual method of propagation of the infusoria shoes They resort extremely rarely. This occurs in the event of stressful conditions: the threat of existence, a change in the temperature of the environment in the direction of cooling, insufficient food. Thanks to the connecting process, they can turn into cysts.

This condition helps to exist infusoria for a long time in a dysfunctional environment. Although under normal conditions, the duration of her life is a day.
During sexual reproduction, two individuals merge into one single organism for a short period of time. In this position, the distribution of genetic material occurs. This helps to increase the resistance of both animal organisms to the negative effects of the environment. Such a merger is called - conjugation.
The duration of the cycle lasts no more than half a day - while the number of cells does not increase. During the synthesis between the individuals, the protective shell is replaced by a connecting bridge, and small nuclei are divided into two parts. Large nuclei - disappear.
Then the newly formed nuclei are destroyed, leaving one one, which is divided into two parts. These two nuclei are distributed along the cytoplasmic bridge and subsequently form small and large cores - the final stage, after which organisms are separated.

In the vital chain of evolution, such simple organisms play an important role - they are the liquidators of many varieties of bacteria, serve as food for fish and invertebrate small animals.